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We give near-tight lower bounds for the sparsity required in several dimensionality reducing linear maps. First, consider the JL lemma which states that for any set of n vectors in R there is a matrix A in R^{m x d} with m = O(eps^{-2}log…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2012-11-07 Jelani Nelson , Huy L. Nguyen

For any integers $d, n \geq 2$ and $1/({\min\{n,d\}})^{0.4999} < \varepsilon<1$, we show the existence of a set of $n$ vectors $X\subset \mathbb{R}^d$ such that any embedding $f:X\rightarrow \mathbb{R}^m$ satisfying $$ \forall x,y\in X,\…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2017-11-10 Kasper Green Larsen , Jelani Nelson

We study the problem of representing all distances between $n$ points in $\mathbb R^d$, with arbitrarily small distortion, using as few bits as possible. We give asymptotically tight bounds for this problem, for Euclidean metrics, for…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2021-10-08 Piotr Indyk , Tal Wagner

Johnson-Lindenstrauss embeddings are widely used to reduce the dimension and thus the processing time of data. To reduce the total complexity, also fast algorithms for applying these embeddings are necessary. To date, such fast algorithms…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-04-30 Stefan Bamberger , Felix Krahmer

This is a tutorial and survey paper on the Johnson-Lindenstrauss (JL) lemma and linear and nonlinear random projections. We start with linear random projection and then justify its correctness by JL lemma and its proof. Then, sparse random…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-08-10 Benyamin Ghojogh , Ali Ghodsi , Fakhri Karray , Mark Crowley

The celebrated Johnson-Lindenstrauss lemma states that for all $\varepsilon \in (0,1)$ and finite sets $X \subseteq \mathbb{R}^N$ with $n>1$ elements, there exists a matrix $\Phi \in \mathbb{R}^{m \times N}$ with…

Metric Geometry · Mathematics 2024-03-08 Rafael Chiclana , Mark A. Iwen , Mark Philip Roach

The Johnson-Lindenstrauss transform is a fundamental method for dimension reduction in Euclidean spaces, that can map any dataset of $n$ points into dimension $O(\log n)$ with low distortion of their distances. This dimension bound is tight…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Shaofeng H. -C. Jiang , Robert Krauthgamer , Shay Sapir , Sandeep Silwal , Di Yue

Uniform bounds on sketched inner products of vectors or matrices underpin several important computational and statistical results in machine learning and randomized algorithms, including the Johnson-Lindenstrauss (J-L) lemma, the Restricted…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Rohan Deb , Qiaobo Li , Mayank Shrivastava , Arindam Banerjee

Probabilistic proofs of the Johnson-Lindenstrauss lemma imply that random projection can reduce the dimension of a data set and approximately preserve pairwise distances. If a distance being approximately preserved is called a success, and…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-07-15 Jason Bernstein , Alec M. Dunton , Benjamin W. Priest

This paper investigates theoretical properties of subsampling and hashing as tools for approximate Euclidean norm-preserving embeddings for vectors with (unknown) additive Gaussian noises. Such embeddings are sometimes called…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-09-05 Zhen Shao

In 1733, Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon in France, set the ground of geometric probability theory by defining an enlightening problem: What is the probability that a needle thrown randomly on a ground made of equispaced parallel…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2015-07-23 Laurent Jacques

The celebrated dimension reduction lemma of Johnson and Lindenstrauss has numerous computational and other applications. Due to its application in practice, speeding up the computation of a Johnson-Lindenstrauss style dimension reduction is…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2010-11-12 Vladimir Braverman , Rafail Ostrovsky , Yuval Rabani

We provide a simple proof of the Johnson-Lindenstrauss lemma for sub-Gaussian variables. We extend the analysis to identify how sparse projections can be, and what the cost of sparsity is on the target dimension.The Johnson-Lindenstrauss…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-09-25 Aurélien Garivier , Emmanuel Pilliat

We introduce and study the notion of an outer bi-Lipschitz extension of a map between Euclidean spaces. The notion is a natural analogue of the notion of a Lipschitz extension of a Lipschitz map. We show that for every map $f$ there exists…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-11-09 Sepideh Mahabadi , Konstantin Makarychev , Yury Makarychev , Ilya Razenshteyn

We prove a variant of a Johnson-Lindenstrauss lemma for matrices with circulant structure. This approach allows to minimise the randomness used, is easy to implement and provides good running times. The price to be paid is the higher…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2010-01-28 Aicke Hinrichs , Jan Vybíral

Label distribution learning (LDL) is an interpretable and general learning paradigm that has been applied in many real-world applications. In contrast to the simple logical vector in single-label learning (SLL) and multi-label learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-08 Xinyuan Liu , Jihua Zhu , Qinghai Zheng , Zhongyu Li , Ruixin Liu , Jun Wang

Deep distance metric learning (DDML), which is proposed to learn image similarity metrics in an end-to-end manner based on the convolution neural network, has achieved encouraging results in many computer vision tasks.$L2$-normalization in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-03-29 Xuefei Zhe , Shifeng Chen , Hong Yan

We consider the problem of encoding a set of vectors into a minimal number of bits while preserving information on their Euclidean geometry. We show that this task can be accomplished by applying a Johnson-Lindenstrauss embedding and…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-04-12 Sjoerd Dirksen , Alexander Stollenwerk

The seminal result of Johnson and Lindenstrauss on random embeddings has been intensively studied in applied and theoretical computer science. Despite that vast body of literature, we still lack of complete understanding of statistical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-13 Maciej Skorski

We introduce a call-by-name lambda-calculus $\lambda Jn$ with generalized applications which is equipped with distant reduction. This allows to unblock $\beta$-redexes without resorting to the standard permutative conversions of generalized…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-08-07 José Espírito Santo , Delia Kesner , Loïc Peyrot