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We consider data in the form of pairwise comparisons of n items, with the goal of precisely identifying the top k items for some value of k < n, or alternatively, recovering a ranking of all the items. We analyze the Copeland counting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-04-28 Nihar B. Shah , Martin J. Wainwright

The increased use of Large Language Models (LLMs) in sensitive domains leads to growing interest in how their confidence scores correspond to fairness and bias. This study examines the alignment between LLM-predicted confidence and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Ahmed Sabir , Markus Kängsepp , Rajesh Sharma

Comparative reasoning plays a crucial role in text preference prediction; however, large language models (LLMs) often demonstrate inconsistencies in their reasoning. While approaches like Chain-of-Thought improve accuracy in many other…

Multilingual Large Language Models (LLMs) struggle with cross-lingual tasks due to data imbalances between high-resource and low-resource languages, as well as monolingual bias in pre-training. Existing methods, such as bilingual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Weihua Zheng , Chang Liu , Zhengyuan Liu , Xin Huang , Kui Wu , Muhammad Huzaifah Md Shahrin , Aiti Aw , Roy Ka-Wei Lee

This study introduces a framework for evaluating consistency in large language model (LLM) binary text classification, addressing the lack of established reliability assessment methods. Adapting psychometric principles, we determine sample…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Fadel M. Megahed , Ying-Ju Chen , L. Allision Jones-Farmer , Younghwa Lee , Jiawei Brooke Wang , Inez M. Zwetsloot

Ranking LLMs via pairwise human feedback underpins current leaderboards for open-ended tasks, such as creative writing and problem-solving. We analyze ~89K comparisons in 116 languages from 52 LLMs from Arena, and show that the best-fit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Jai Moondra , Ayela Chughtai , Bhargavi Lanka , Swati Gupta

Large Language Models (LLMs) inherit explicit and implicit biases from their training datasets. Identifying and mitigating biases in LLMs is crucial to ensure fair outputs, as they can perpetuate harmful stereotypes and misinformation. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Fatima Kazi , Alex Young , Yash Inani , Setareh Rafatirad

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown impressive abilities in many applications. When a concrete and precise answer is desired, it is important to have a quantitative estimation of the potential error rate. However, this can be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Theodore Zhao , Mu Wei , J. Samuel Preston , Hoifung Poon

This study investigates gender bias in large language models (LLMs) by comparing their gender perception to that of human respondents, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics data, and a 50% no-bias benchmark. We created a new evaluation set using…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-22 Tetiana Bas

Despite their impressive performance in a wide range of NLP tasks, Large Language Models (LLMs) have been reported to encode worrying-levels of gender biases. Prior work has proposed debiasing methods that require human labelled examples,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-21 Daisuke Oba , Masahiro Kaneko , Danushka Bollegala

Large Audio-Language Models (LALMs) are enhanced with audio perception capabilities, enabling them to effectively process and understand multimodal inputs that combine audio and text. However, their performance in handling conflicting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Cheng Wang , Gelei Deng , Xianglin Yang , Han Qiu , Tianwei Zhang

The advent of large language models (LLMs) offers unprecedented opportunities to reimagine peer review beyond the constraints of traditional workflows. Despite these opportunities, prior efforts have largely focused on replicating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Yaohui Zhang , Haijing Zhang , Wenlong Ji , Tianyu Hua , Nick Haber , Hancheng Cao , Weixin Liang

Despite growing interest in using Large Language Models (LLMs) for educational assessment, it remains unclear how closely they align with human scoring. We present a systematic evaluation of instruction-tuned LLMs across three open…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Filip J. Kucia , Anirban Chakraborty , Anna Wróblewska

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit probabilistic output characteristics, yet conventional evaluation frameworks rely on deterministic scalar metrics. This study introduces a Bayesian approach for LLM capability assessment that integrates…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Xiao Xiao , Yu Su , Sijing Zhang , Zhang Chen , Yadong Chen , Tian Liu

With the advent of highly capable instruction-tuned neural language models, benchmarking in natural language processing (NLP) is increasingly shifting towards pairwise comparison leaderboards, such as LMSYS Arena, from traditional global…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Georgii Levtsov , Dmitry Ustalov

The widespread adoption of large language models (LLMs) makes it important to recognize their strengths and limitations. We argue that in order to develop a holistic understanding of these systems we need to consider the problem that they…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-26 R. Thomas McCoy , Shunyu Yao , Dan Friedman , Matthew Hardy , Thomas L. Griffiths

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been reported to outperform existing automatic evaluation metrics in some tasks, such as text summarization and machine translation. However, there has been a lack of research on LLMs as evaluators in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Masamune Kobayashi , Masato Mita , Mamoru Komachi

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed to automatically label and analyze educational dialogue at scale, yet current pipelines lack reliable ways to detect when models are wrong. We investigate whether reasoning generated by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Bakhtawar Ahtisham , Kirk Vanacore , Zhuqian Zhou , Jinsook Lee , Rene F. Kizilcec

The Large Language Model Bias Index (LLMBI) is a pioneering approach designed to quantify and address biases inherent in large language models (LLMs), such as GPT-4. We recognise the increasing prevalence and impact of LLMs across diverse…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-01 Abiodun Finbarrs Oketunji , Muhammad Anas , Deepthi Saina

Several methods of preference modeling, ranking, voting and multi-criteria decision making include pairwise comparisons. It is usually simpler to compare two objects at a time, furthermore, some relations (e.g., the outcome of sports…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-04 László Gyarmati , Éva Orbán-Mihálykó , Csaba Mihálykó , Sándor Bozóki , Zsombor Szádoczki