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Deep artificial neural networks famously struggle to learn from non-stationary streams of data. Without dedicated mitigation strategies, continual learning is associated with continuous forgetting of previous tasks and a progressive loss of…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-12-29 Suzanne van der Veldt , Gido M. van de Ven , Sanne Moorman , Guillaume Etter

Representational drift refers to over-time changes in neural activation accompanied by a stable task performance. Despite being observed in the brain and in artificial networks, the mechanisms of drift and its implications are not fully…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2023-06-07 Farhad Pashakhanloo , Alexei Koulakov

Representational drift refers to an unstable mapping between neural activity and input sensory or output behavioral variables. While much work has focused on the effect of representational drift on single, simple external variables, we…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2026-02-27 Siwei Wang , Elizabeth A de Laittre , Jason MacLean , Stephanie E Palmer

Lifelong learning in artificial intelligence (AI) aims to mimic the biological brain's ability to continuously learn and retain knowledge, yet it faces challenges such as catastrophic forgetting. Recent neuroscience research suggests that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Jin Du , Xinhe Zhang , Hao Shen , Xun Xian , Ganghua Wang , Jiawei Zhang , Yuhong Yang , Na Li , Jia Liu , Jie Ding

The brain encodes external stimuli through patterns of neural activity, forming internal representations of the world. Recent experiments show that neural representations for a given stimulus change over time. However, the mechanistic…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2024-12-19 Guillermo B. Morales , Miguel A. Muñoz , Yuhai Tu

We examine the influence of input data representations on learning complexity. For learning, we posit that each model implicitly uses a candidate model distribution for unexplained variations in the data, its noise model. If the model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-21 Julian Zilly , Lorenz Hetzel , Andrea Censi , Emilio Frazzoli

Classical machine learning algorithms often assume that the data are drawn i.i.d. from a stationary probability distribution. Recently, continual learning emerged as a rapidly growing area of machine learning where this assumption is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-12 Timothée Lesort , Massimo Caccia , Irina Rish

Traditional machine learning assumes a stationary data distribution, yet many real-world applications operate on nonstationary streams in which the underlying concept evolves over time. This problem can also be viewed as task-free continual…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Michal Wozniak , Marek Klonowski , Maciej Maczynski , Bartosz Krawczyk

Neural systems face the challenge of maintaining reliable representations amid variations from plasticity and spontaneous activity. In particular, the spontaneous dynamics in neuronal circuit is known to operate near a highly variable…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2026-03-24 Zhuda Yang , Junhao Liang , Wing Ho Yung , Changsong Zhou

Concept drift describes unforeseeable changes in the underlying distribution of streaming data over time. Concept drift research involves the development of methodologies and techniques for drift detection, understanding and adaptation.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-14 Jie Lu , Anjin Liu , Fan Dong , Feng Gu , Joao Gama , Guangquan Zhang

In the context of artificial neural networks, subliminal learning refers to the transfer of task-relevant knowledge or unintended biases from teacher to student models through distillation on task-unrelated input$\unicode{x2013}$output…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Vincent C. Brockers , Roman D. Ventzke , Valentin Neuhaus , Belén Hidalgo-Ogalde , Viola Priesemann

The ability of a brain or a neural network to efficiently learn depends crucially on both the task structure and the learning rule. Previous works have analyzed the dynamical equations describing learning in the relatively simplified…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Christian Schmid , James M. Murray

Learning and decision-making in domains with naturally high noise-to-signal ratio, such as Finance or Healthcare, is often challenging, while the stakes are very high. In this paper, we study the problem of learning and acting under a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Yikai Zhang , Songzhu Zheng , Mina Dalirrooyfard , Pengxiang Wu , Anderson Schneider , Anant Raj , Yuriy Nevmyvaka , Chao Chen

In the pursuit of autonomous learning systems, the foundational assumption of stationarity, the premise that data distributions and model behaviors remain constant, is fundamentally untenable. Historically, the research community has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Xiaoyu Yang , En Yu , Jie Lu

Concept drift refers to a non stationary learning problem over time. The training and the application data often mismatch in real life problems. In this report we present a context of concept drift problem 1. We focus on the issues relevant…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2010-10-25 Indrė Žliobaitė

The notion of concept drift refers to the phenomenon that the distribution generating the observed data changes over time. If drift is present, machine learning models may become inaccurate and need adjustment. Many technologies for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-05 Fabian Hinder , Valerie Vaquet , Johannes Brinkrolf , Barbara Hammer

Statistical learning under distributional drift remains poorly characterized, especially in closed-loop settings where learning alters the data-generating law. We introduce an intrinsic drift budget $C_T$ that quantifies cumulative…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Sofiya Zaichyk

Drift in machine learning refers to the phenomenon where the statistical properties of data or context, in which the model operates, change over time leading to a decrease in its performance. Therefore, maintaining a constant monitoring…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-08 Saeed Khaki , Akhouri Abhinav Aditya , Zohar Karnin , Lan Ma , Olivia Pan , Samarth Marudheri Chandrashekar

A steadily increasing body of evidence suggests that the brain performs probabilistic inference to interpret and respond to sensory input and that trial-to-trial variability in neural activity plays an important role. The neural sampling…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2017-07-07 Ilja Bytschok , Dominik Dold , Johannes Schemmel , Karlheinz Meier , Mihai A. Petrovici

We develop and analyze a general technique for learning with an unknown distribution drift. Given a sequence of independent observations from the last $T$ steps of a drifting distribution, our algorithm agnostically learns a family of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Alessio Mazzetto , Eli Upfal
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