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Time series data plays a critical role across diverse domains such as healthcare, energy, and finance, where tasks like classification, anomaly detection, and forecasting are essential for informed decision-making. Recently, large language…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Francis Tang , Ying Ding

While protein language models (pLMs) have transformed biological research, the scaling laws governing their improvement remain underexplored. By adapting methodologies from NLP scaling laws, we investigated the optimal ratio between model…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-06-27 Yaiza Serrano , Álvaro Ciudad , Alexis Molina

Currently, there are thousands of large pretrained language models (LLMs) available to social scientists. How do we select among them? Using validity, reliability, reproducibility, and replicability as guides, we explore the significance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Dustin S. Stoltz , Marshall A. Taylor , Sanuj Kumar

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit emerging in-context learning abilities through prompt engineering. The recent progress in large-scale generative models has further expanded their use in real-world language applications. However, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-12 Linyi Yang , Shuibai Zhang , Zhuohao Yu , Guangsheng Bao , Yidong Wang , Jindong Wang , Ruochen Xu , Wei Ye , Xing Xie , Weizhu Chen , Yue Zhang

Although recent advances in scaling large language models (LLMs) have resulted in improvements on many NLP tasks, it remains unclear whether these models trained primarily with general web text are the right tool in highly specialized,…

Large language models (LLMs) have garnered significant interest in natural language processing (NLP), particularly their remarkable performance in various downstream tasks in resource-rich languages. Recent studies have highlighted the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Md. Arid Hasan , Prerona Tarannum , Krishno Dey , Imran Razzak , Usman Naseem

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities to solve a wide range of tasks without being explicitly fine-tuned on task-specific datasets. However, deploying LLMs in the real world is not trivial, as it requires…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Xue-Yong Fu , Md Tahmid Rahman Laskar , Elena Khasanova , Cheng Chen , Shashi Bhushan TN

This study investigates the relative impact of training data quality versus quantity on the performance of small language models (SLMs), utilizing the TinyStories dataset for empirical analysis. Analysis of dataset variations with respect…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Aryan Sajith , Krishna Chaitanya Rao Kathala

The rapid advancement of large language models has opened new avenues for automating complex problem-solving tasks such as algorithmic coding and competitive programming. This paper introduces a novel evaluation technique, LLM-ProS, to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Md Sifat Hossain , Anika Tabassum , Md. Fahim Arefin , Tarannum Shaila Zaman

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable performance in language understanding and generation tasks by leveraging vast amounts of online texts. Unlike conventional models, LLMs can adapt to new domains through prompt…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Ming Cheung

Large language models (LLMs) show an innate skill for solving language based tasks. But insights have suggested an inability to adjust for information or task-solving skills becoming outdated, as their knowledge, stored directly within…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Jerry Huang , Prasanna Parthasarathi , Mehdi Rezagholizadeh , Sarath Chandar

Scaling existing applications and solutions to multiple human languages has traditionally proven to be difficult, mainly due to the language-dependent nature of preprocessing and feature engineering techniques employed in traditional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-01-01 Xiaotong Liu , Yingbei Tong , Anbang Xu , Rama Akkiraju

Large language models (LLMs) remain unreliable for global enterprise applications due to substantial performance gaps between high-resource and mid/low-resource languages, driven by English-centric pretraining and internal reasoning biases.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Amit Agarwal , Hansa Meghwani , Hitesh Laxmichand Patel , Tao Sheng , Sujith Ravi , Dan Roth

With the improving semantic understanding capability of Large Language Models (LLMs), they exhibit a greater awareness and alignment with human values, but this comes at the cost of transparency. Although promising results are achieved via…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Nafis Tanveer Islam , Zhiming Zhao

Scale is often attributed as one of the factors that cause an increase in the performance of LLMs, resulting in models with billion and trillion parameters. One of the limitations of such large models is the high computational requirements…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-09 Sher Badshah , Hassan Sajjad

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong performance in translating natural language questions into SQL queries (Text-to-SQL). In contrast, small language models (SLMs) ranging from 0.5B to 1.5B parameters currently…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Lei Sheng , Shuai-Shuai Xu

Large Language Models (LLMs) such as GPT-4o can handle a wide range of complex tasks with the right prompt. As per token costs are reduced, the advantages of fine-tuning Small Language Models (SLMs) for real-world applications -- faster…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Orlando Marquez Ayala , Patrice Bechard , Emily Chen , Maggie Baird , Jingfei Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) are revolutionizing Software Engineering (SE) by introducing innovative methods for tasks such as collecting requirements, designing software, generating code, and creating test cases, among others. This article…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-06 Malik Abdul Sami , Zeeshan Rasheed , Muhammad Waseem , Zheying Zhang , Tomas Herda , Pekka Abrahamsson

Speech Language Models (SLMs) aim to learn language from raw audio, without textual resources. Despite significant advances, our current models exhibit weak syntax and semantic abilities. However, if the scaling properties of neural…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-13 Santiago Cuervo , Ricard Marxer

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate capabilities in code generation, potentially boosting developer productivity. However, their adoption remains limited by high computational costs, among other factors. Small Language Models (SLMs)…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Débora Souza , Rohit Gheyi , Lucas Albuquerque , Gustavo Soares , Márcio Ribeiro