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Large Language Model (LLM) agents combine the chat interaction capabilities of LLMs with the power to interact with external tools and APIs. This enables them to perform complex tasks and act autonomously to achieve user goals. However,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Reshabh K Sharma , Dan Grossman

Agentic frameworks are the software layer through which AI agents act in the world. Existing safety methods intervene on the model and therefore remain conditional on unverifiable properties of learned behavior. We introduce containment…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Royce Moon , Lav R. Varshney

Agentic AI systems introduce a security surface that is qualitatively different from that of stateless LLMs. They persist memory, invoke external tools, coordinate with peer agents, and operate across sessions, allowing attacks to emerge…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Kexin Chu

Although Foundation Models (FMs), such as GPT-4, are increasingly used in domains like finance and software engineering, reliance on textual interfaces limits these models' real-world interaction. To address this, FM providers introduced a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Mohammed Mehedi Hasan , Hao Li , Emad Fallahzadeh , Gopi Krishnan Rajbahadur , Bram Adams , Ahmed E. Hassan

AI agents, specifically powered by large language models, have demonstrated exceptional capabilities in various applications where precision and efficacy are necessary. However, these agents come with inherent risks, including the potential…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Ishaan Domkundwar , Mukunda N S , Ishaan Bhola , Riddhik Kochhar

Autonomous agent frameworks built upon large language models (LLMs) are evolving into complex, tool-integrated, and continuously operating systems, introducing security risks beyond traditional prompt-level vulnerabilities. As this paradigm…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Luyao Xu , Xiang Chen

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) aims to create a standard for how Large Language Models use tools. However, most current research focuses on selecting tools from an existing pool. A more fundamental, yet largely overlooked, problem is how…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Chaoqian Ouyang , Ling Yue , Shimin Di , Libin Zheng , Linan Yue , Shaowu Pan , Jian Yin , Min-Ling Zhang

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) plays a crucial role in extending the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) by enabling integration with external tools and data sources. However, the standard MCP specification presents significant…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Manish Bhatt , Vineeth Sai Narajala , Idan Habler

With the rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs), significant progress has been made in multi-agent applications. However, the complexities in coordinating agents' cooperation and LLMs' erratic performance pose notable challenges…

LLM agents have begun to appear as personal assistants, customer service bots, and clinical aides. While these applications deliver substantial operational benefits, they also require continuous access to sensitive data, which increases the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Saswat Das , Jameson Sandler , Ferdinando Fioretto

Large language model (LLM)-based computer-use agents represent a convergence of AI and OS capabilities, enabling natural language to control system- and application-level functions. However, due to LLMs' inherent uncertainty issues,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Haochen Gong , Chenxiao Li , Rui Chang , Wenbo Shen

Large language model (LLM)-based agents are increasingly used to perform complex, multi-step workflows in regulated settings such as compliance and due diligence. However, many agentic architectures rely primarily on prompt engineering of a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Ananya Joshi , Michael Rudow

To standardize interactions between LLM-based agents and their environments, the Model Context Protocol (MCP) was proposed and has since been widely adopted. However, integrating external tools expands the attack surface, exposing agents to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Ruiqi Li , Zhiqiang Wang , Yunhao Yao , Xiang-Yang Li

With the rise of personalized, persistent LLM agent frameworks such as OpenClaw, human-centered agentic social networks in which teams of collaborative AI agents serve individual users in a social network across multiple domains are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Prince Zizhuang Wang , Shuli Jiang

The rapid development of mobile GUI agents has stimulated growing research interest in long-horizon task automation. However, building agents for these tasks faces a critical bottleneck: the reliance on ever-expanding interaction history…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Shizuo Tian , Hao Wen , Yuxuan Chen , Jiacheng Liu , Shanhui Zhao , Guohong Liu , Ju Ren , Yunxin Liu , Yuanchun Li

Large Language Model (LLM) agents are increasingly used to automate complex workflows, but integrating untrusted external data with privileged execution exposes them to severe security risks, particularly direct and indirect prompt…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Zonghao Ying , Haozheng Wang , Jiangfan Liu , Quanchen Zou , Aishan Liu , Jian Yang , Yaodong Yang , Xianglong Liu

Large language model (LLM) agents increasingly rely on external tools and retrieval systems to autonomously complete complex tasks. However, this design exposes agents to indirect prompt injection (IPI), where attacker-controlled context…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Tian Zhang , Yiwei Xu , Juan Wang , Keyan Guo , Xiaoyang Xu , Bowen Xiao , Quanlong Guan , Jinlin Fan , Jiawei Liu , Zhiquan Liu , Hongxin Hu

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) defines a schema bound execution model for agent-tool interaction, enabling modular computer vision workflows without retraining. To our knowledge, this is the first protocol level, deployment scale audit of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Aditi Tiwari , Akshit Bhalla , Darshan Prasad

Agentic AI systems, which leverage multiple autonomous agents and large language models (LLMs), are increasingly used to address complex, multi-step tasks. The safety, security, and functionality of these systems are critical, especially in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Edoardo Allegrini , Ananth Shreekumar , Z. Berkay Celik

The rise of large language models (LLMs) has sparked a surge of interest in agents, leading to the rapid growth of agent frameworks. Agent frameworks are software toolkits and libraries that provide standardized components, abstractions,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Yanlin Wang , Xinyi Xu , Jiachi Chen , Tingting Bi , Wenchao Gu , Zibin Zheng