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Acquiring new knowledge without forgetting what has been learned in a sequence of tasks is the central focus of continual learning (CL). While tasks arrive sequentially, the training data are often prepared and annotated independently,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-31 Thuy-Trang Vu , Shahram Khadivi , Mahsa Ghorbanali , Dinh Phung , Gholamreza Haffari

Continual learning (CL) is the sub-field of machine learning concerned with accumulating knowledge in dynamic environments. So far, CL research has mainly focused on incremental classification tasks, where models learn to classify new…

Continual Learning (CL) seeks to enable neural networks to incrementally acquire new knowledge (plasticity) while retaining existing knowledge (stability). Although pre-trained models (PTMs) have provided a strong foundation for CL,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Aojun Lu , Tao Feng , Hangjie Yuan , Chunhui Ding , Yanan Sun

Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT), particularly Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA), has become a standard approach for adapting Large Language Models (LLMs) under limited compute. However, in continual settings where models are updated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Hung Le , Svetha Venkatesh

Adapting large pretrained models to new tasks efficiently and continually is crucial for real-world deployment but remains challenging due to catastrophic forgetting and the high cost of retraining. While parameter-efficient tuning methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Prakhar Kaushik , Ankit Vaidya , Shravan Chaudhari , Rama Chellappa , Alan Yuille

Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) has become a widely adopted technique for fine-tuning large-scale pre-trained models with minimal parameter updates. However, existing methods rely on fixed ranks or focus solely on either rank pruning or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Huandong Chang , Zicheng Ma , Mingyuan Ma , Zhenting Qi , Andrew Sabot , Hong Jiang , H. T. Kung

The intrinsic difficulty in adapting deep learning models to non-stationary environments limits the applicability of neural networks to real-world tasks. This issue is critical in practical supervised learning settings, such as the ones in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-09 Simone Marullo , Matteo Tiezzi , Marco Gori , Stefano Melacci , Tinne Tuytelaars

Continual Learning requires a model to learn multiple tasks in sequence while maintaining both stability:preserving knowledge from previously learned tasks, and plasticity:effectively learning new tasks. Gradient projection has emerged as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Haomiao Qiu , Miao Zhang , Ziyue Qiao , Weili Guan , Min Zhang , Liqiang Nie

Continual reinforcement learning (CRL) refers to a naturalistic setting where an agent needs to endlessly evolve, by trial and error, to solve multiple tasks that are presented sequentially. One of the largest obstacles to CRL is that the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Zichen Liu , Guoji Fu , Chao Du , Wee Sun Lee , Min Lin

We introduce a neural network architecture that logarithmically reduces the number of self-rehearsal steps in the generative rehearsal of continually learned models. In continual learning (CL), training samples come in subsequent tasks, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Wojciech Masarczyk , Paweł Wawrzyński , Daniel Marczak , Kamil Deja , Tomasz Trzciński

Low-rank Adaptation (LoRA) has gained popularity as a fine-tuning approach for Large Language Models (LLMs) due to its low resource requirements and good performance. While a plethora of work has investigated improving LoRA serving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Minghao Yan , Zhuang Wang , Zhen Jia , Shivaram Venkataraman , Yida Wang

Fine-tuning adapts a pre-trained model to downstream tasks using a small amount of labeled data. Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) is an efficient fine-tuning method that reduces memory and computation costs while often achieving performance close…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Ali Zindari , Rotem Mulayoff , Sebastian U. Stich

Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA), which leverages the insight that model updates typically reside in a low-dimensional space, has significantly improved the training efficiency of Large Language Models (LLMs) by updating neural network layers…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Han Liu , Shanghao Shi , Yevgeniy Vorobeychik , Chongjie Zhang , Ning Zhang

Engineering problems that apply machine learning often involve computationally intensive methods but rely on limited datasets. As engineering data evolves with new designs and constraints, models must incorporate new knowledge over time.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Kaira M. Samuel , Faez Ahmed

In-context learning (ICL) is a key building block of modern large language models, yet its theoretical mechanisms remain poorly understood. It is particularly mysterious how ICL operates in real-world applications where tasks have a common…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2026-04-24 Kaito Takanami , Takashi Takahashi , Yoshiyuki Kabashima

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have emphasized the critical role of fine-tuning (FT) techniques in adapting LLMs to specific tasks, especially when retraining from scratch is computationally infeasible. Fine-tuning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Xiao Han , Zimo Zhao , Wanyu Wang , Maolin Wang , Zitao Liu , Yi Chang , Xiangyu Zhao

Low-rank adaptation (LoRA) has achieved remarkable success in fine-tuning pre-trained vision transformers for various downstream tasks. Existing studies mainly focus on exploring more parameter-efficient strategies or more effective…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Zheng Liu , Jinchao Zhu , Gao Huang

We propose SPARC, a lightweight continual learning framework for large language models (LLMs) that enables efficient task adaptation through prompt tuning in a lower-dimensional space. By leveraging principal component analysis (PCA), we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Dinithi Jayasuriya , Sina Tayebati , Davide Ettori , Ranganath Krishnan , Amit Ranjan Trivedi

Continual learning (CL) has remained a significant challenge for deep neural networks as learning new tasks erases previously acquired knowledge, either partially or completely. Existing solutions often rely on experience rehearsal or full…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Prashant Bhat , Laurens Niesten , Elahe Arani , Bahram Zonooz

Solving robotic navigation tasks via reinforcement learning (RL) is challenging due to their sparse reward and long decision horizon nature. However, in many navigation tasks, high-level (HL) task representations, like a rough floor plan,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-11-08 Jan Wöhlke , Felix Schmitt , Herke van Hoof