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The most popular multiple testing procedures are stepwise procedures based on $P$-values for individual test statistics. Included among these are the false discovery rate (FDR) controlling procedures of Benjamini--Hochberg [J. Roy. Statist.…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2009-06-18 Arthur Cohen , Harold B. Sackrowitz , Minya Xu

The win ratio offers a flexible approach to incorporate the hierarchy of clinical outcomes into the analysis of a composite endpoint, enabling simultaneous consideration of multiple outcome types, unlike traditional time-to-first-event…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-22 David Kronthaler , Matthias Schwenkglenks , Felix Beuschlein , Ulrike Held

Maximizing statistical power in experimental design often involves imbalanced treatment allocation, but several challenges hinder its practical adoption: (1) the misconception that equal allocation always maximizes power, (2) when only…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-09-17 Stef Baas , Lukas Pin , Sofía S. Villar , William F. Rosenberger

Genomic data are subject to various sources of confounding, such as demographic variables, biological heterogeneity, and batch effects. To identify genomic features associated with a variable of interest in the presence of confounders, the…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-08 Asmita Roy , Jun Chen , Xianyang Zhang

In this article, we derive and compare methods to derive \textit{p}-values and sets of confidence intervals with strong control of the family-wise error rates and coverage for estimates of treatment effects in cluster randomised trials with…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-02-08 Samuel I Watson , Joshua Akinyemi , Karla Hemming

Testing whether a variable of interest affects the outcome is one of the most fundamental problem in statistics and is often the main scientific question of interest. To tackle this problem, the conditional randomization test (CRT) is…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-05-26 Dae Woong Ham , Jiaze Qiu

Background: It has long been advised to account for baseline covariates in the analysis of confirmatory randomised trials, with the main statistical justifications being that this increases power and, when a randomisation scheme balanced…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-12-09 Tim P. Morris , A. Sarah Walker , Elizabeth J. Williamson , Ian R. White

Conventional multiple testing procedures often assume hypotheses for different features are exchangeable. However, in many scientific applications, additional covariate information regarding the patterns of signals and nulls are available.…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-06-12 Xianyang Zhang , Jun Chen

Many Artificial Intelligence tasks cannot be evaluated with a single quality criterion and some sort of weighted combination is needed to provide system rankings. A problem of weighted combination measures is that slight changes in the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-01-21 Enrique Amigó , Julio Gonzalo , Javier Artiles , Felisa Verdejo

Clinicians and researchers alike are increasingly interested in how best to personalize interventions. A dynamic treatment regimen (DTR) is a sequence of pre-specified decision rules which can be used to guide the delivery of a sequence of…

Testing differences in mean vectors is a fundamental task in the analysis of high-dimensional compositional data. Existing methods may suffer from low power if the underlying signal pattern is in a situation that does not favor the deployed…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-03-11 Danning Li , Lingzhou Xue , Haoyi Yang , Xiufan Yu

Ab initio methods based on the second-order and higher connected moments, or cumulants, of a reference function have seen limited use in the determination of correlation energies of chemical systems throughout the years. Moment-based…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2023-08-25 Brad Ganoe , Martin Head-Gordon

What proportion of treated units actually benefited from an experimental intervention? What is the median or the largest individual treatment effect? This paper develops methods for answering such questions about the distribution of…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-11 David Kim , Yongchang Su , Jake Bowers , Xinran Li

Commonly, the comparisons of treatment groups versus a control is performed for location effects only where possible scale effects are considered as disturbing. Sometimes scale effects are also relevant, as a kind of early indicator for…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-03-12 Ludwig A. Hothorn

Improved procedures, in terms of smaller missed discovery rates (MDR), for performing multiple hypotheses testing with weak and strong control of the family-wise error rate (FWER) or the false discovery rate (FDR) are developed and studied.…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2011-03-10 Edsel A. Peña , Joshua D. Habiger , Wensong Wu

Cluster-randomized trials (CRTs) are experimental designs where groups or clusters of participants, rather than the individual participants themselves, are randomized to intervention groups. Analyzing CRT requires distinguishing between…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-10-10 Xi Fang , Bingkai Wang , Liangyuan Hu , Fan Li

An individualized treatment rule (ITR) tailors treatments to a patient's specific characteristics. However, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are often underpowered to detect the treatment effect heterogeneity needed for reliable ITR…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-14 Yuan Bian , Donglin Zeng , Hyun-Joon Yang , Leanne M. Williams , Yuanjia Wang

Adaptive sample size re-estimation, early stopping, and trial re-design at interim analyses can reduce expected sample sizes in randomised trials. Cluster randomised trials, in which groups of participants are randomly allocated to…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-09 Samuel I. Watson , James Martin

We consider the problem of identifying whether findings replicate from one study of high dimension to another, when the primary study guides the selection of hypotheses to be examined in the follow-up study as well as when there is no…

Methodology · Statistics 2014-01-28 Marina Bogomolov , Ruth Heller

As the volume and complexity of data continue to expand across various scientific disciplines, the need for robust methods to account for the multiplicity of comparisons has grown widespread. A popular measure of type 1 error rate in…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-11-19 Jianliang He , Bowen Gang , Luella Fu