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Variational quantum algorithms have emerged as a cornerstone of contemporary quantum algorithms research. Practical implementations of these algorithms, despite offering certain levels of robustness against systematic errors, show a decline…

Noise is the main source that hinders us from fully exploiting quantum advantages in various quantum informational tasks. However, characterizing and calibrating the effect of noise is not always feasible in practice. Especially for quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-12 Hyukgun Kwon , Changhun Oh , Youngrong Lim , Hyunseok Jeong , Liang Jiang

We propose a variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) algorithm that uses a fault-tolerant gate-set, and is hence suitable for implementation on a future error-corrected quantum computer. VQE quantum circuits are typically designed for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-09 Hasan Sayginel , Francois Jamet , Abhishek Agarwal , Dan E. Browne , Ivan Rungger

The construction of large, coherent quantum systems necessary for quantum computation remains an entreating but elusive goal, due to the ubiquitous nature of decoherence. Recent progress in quantum error correction schemes have given new…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-02-03 Isaac L. Chuang , Yoshihisa Yamamoto

Scalable realisation of quantum computing is reliant on the development of fault tolerant devices. Analysis of quantum error correction protocols typically considers incoherent noise models or noise-free syndrome measurements. While this is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-29 Ben Harper , Azar C. Nakhl , Martin Sevior , Muhammad Usman

Quantum error mitigation is a key approach for extracting target state properties on state-of-the-art noisy machines and early fault-tolerant devices. Using the ideas from flag fault tolerance and virtual state purification, we develop the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-31 Zhenhuan Liu , Xingjian Zhang , Yue-Yang Fei , Zhenyu Cai

Typically, fault-tolerant operations and code concatenation are reserved for quantum error correction due to their resource overhead. Here, we show that fault tolerant operations have a large impact on the performance of symmetry based…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-19 Alvin Gonzales , Anjala M Babu , Ji Liu , Zain Saleem , Mark Byrd

Continuous-variable (CV) quantum systems provide a versatile platform for quantum information processing, in which quantum states can be represented in the quadrature phase space. In realistic implementations, environmental noise, primarily…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-11 Jingpeng Zhang , Shengyong Li , Jie Han , Qianchuan Zhao , Jing Zhang , Zeliang Xiang

We incorporate active and passive quantum error-correcting techniques to protect a set of optical information modes of a continuous-variable quantum information system. Our method uses ancilla modes, entangled modes, and gauge modes (modes…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-28 Mark M. Wilde , Todd A. Brun

Quantum error correction is believed to be a necessity for large-scale fault-tolerant quantum computation. In the past two decades, various constructions of quantum error-correcting codes (QECCs) have been developed, leading to many good…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-07 Chenfeng Cao , Chao Zhang , Zipeng Wu , Markus Grassl , Bei Zeng

In the noisy intermediate-scale quantum era, emerging classical-quantum hybrid optimization algorithms, such as variational quantum algorithms (VQAs), can leverage the unique characteristics of quantum devices to accelerate computations…

The storage and processing of quantum information are susceptible to external noise, resulting in computational errors that are inherently continuous A powerful method to suppress these effects is to use quantum error correction. Typically,…

Quantum error correction is capable of digitizing quantum noise and increasing the robustness of qubits. Typically, error correction is designed with the target of eliminating all errors - making an error so unlikely it can be assumed that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-20 Salonik Resch , Ulya R. Karpuzcu

Protecting quantum information from the detrimental effects of decoherence and lack of precise quantum control is a central challenge that must be overcome if a large robust quantum computer is to be constructed. The traditional approach to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 D. Bacon

Quantum error correction (QEC) requires the execution of deep quantum circuits with large numbers of physical qubits to protect information against errors. Designing protocols that can reduce gate and space-time overheads of QEC is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-15 Laura Pecorari , Sven Jandura , Guido Pupillo

Continuous-time quantum error correction (CTQEC) is an approach to protecting quantum information from noise in which both the noise and the error correcting operations are treated as processes that are continuous in time. This chapter…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-12-03 Ognyan Oreshkov

Dynamically corrected gates were recently introduced [Khodjasteh and Viola, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 080501 (2009)] as a tool to achieve decoherence-protected quantum gates based on open-loop Hamiltonian engineering. Here, we further expand…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-09-17 Kaveh Khodjasteh , Lorenza Viola

Continuous-time quantum error correction (CTQEC) is a technique for protecting quantum information against decoherence, where both the decoherence and error correction processes are considered continuous in time. Given any [[n,k,d]] quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-02-19 Kung-Chuan Hsu , Todd A. Brun

Quantum computers promise transformative speedups, but environmental noise destroys their fragile states. Conventional quantum error correction (QEC) encodes information redundantly across physical qubits, yet fails above a threshold of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-11 Hikaru Wakaura , Taiki Tanimae

Studies of quantum error correction (QEC) typically focus on stochastic Pauli errors because the existence of a threshold error rate below which stochastic Pauli errors can be corrected implies that there exists a threshold below which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-27 Stefanie J. Beale , Joel J. Wallman