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Neural scaling laws have driven the field's ever-expanding exponential growth in parameters, data and compute. While scaling behaviors for pretraining losses and discriminative benchmarks are well established, generative benchmarks such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Rylan Schaeffer , Noam Levi , Brando Miranda , Sanmi Koyejo

Code large language models (Code LLMs) are powerful but costly to train, with scaling laws predicting performance from model size, data, and compute. However, different programming languages (PLs) have varying impacts during pre-training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Jian Yang , Shawn Guo , Lin Jing , Wei Zhang , Aishan Liu , Chuan Hao , Zhoujun Li , Wayne Xin Zhao , Xianglong Liu , Weifeng Lv , Bryan Dai

We present a limited empirical study of scaling laws for transfer learning in transformer models. More specifically, we examine a scaling law that incorporates a "transfer gap" term, indicating the effectiveness of pre-training on one…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-02 Matthew Barnett

The scaling law, a cornerstone of Large Language Model (LLM) development, predicts improvements in model performance with increasing computational resources. Yet, while empirically validated, its theoretical underpinnings remain poorly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Chiwun Yang

A key issue in statistics and machine learning is to automatically select the "right" model complexity, e.g., the number of neighbors to be averaged over in k nearest neighbor (kNN) regression or the polynomial degree in regression with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2010-10-04 Marcus Hutter , Minh-Ngoc Tran

Scaling laws play a central role in the success of Large Language Models (LLMs), enabling the prediction of model performance relative to compute budgets prior to training. While Transformers have been the dominant architecture, recent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Maximilian Beck , Kajetan Schweighofer , Sebastian Böck , Sebastian Lehner , Sepp Hochreiter

Downstream scaling laws aim to predict task performance at larger scales from the model's performance at smaller scales. Whether such prediction should be possible is unclear: some works discover clear linear scaling trends after simple…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Nicholas Lourie , Michael Y. Hu , Kyunghyun Cho

Existing training criteria in automatic speech recognition(ASR) permit the model to freely explore more than one time alignments between the feature and label sequences. In this paper, we use entropy to measure a model's uncertainty, i.e.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-26 Ehsan Variani , Ke Wu , David Rybach , Cyril Allauzen , Michael Riley

Scaling laws for large language models (LLMs) have provided useful guidance in training ever larger models for predictable performance gains. Time series forecasting shares a similar sequential structure to language, and is amenable to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-09 Thomas D. P. Edwards , James Alvey , Justin Alsing , Nam H. Nguyen , Benjamin D. Wandelt

In machine learning, the scaling law describes how the model performance improves with the model and data size scaling up. From a learning theory perspective, this class of results establishes upper and lower generalization bounds for a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Shihong Ding , Haihan Zhang , Hanzhen Zhao , Cong Fang

Deep graph models (e.g., graph neural networks and graph transformers) have become important techniques for leveraging knowledge across various types of graphs. Yet, the neural scaling laws on graphs, i.e., how the performance of deep graph…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Jingzhe Liu , Haitao Mao , Zhikai Chen , Tong Zhao , Neil Shah , Jiliang Tang

Precise estimation of downstream performance in large language models (LLMs) prior to training is essential for guiding their development process. Scaling laws analysis utilizes the statistics of a series of significantly smaller sampling…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Yangyi Chen , Binxuan Huang , Yifan Gao , Zhengyang Wang , Jingfeng Yang , Heng Ji

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have been largely driven by scaling laws for individual models, which predict performance improvements as model parameters and data volume increase. However, the capabilities of any single LLM…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Dakuan Lu , Jiaqi Zhang , Cheng Yuan , Jiawei Shao , Xuelong Li

While scaling laws for Large Language Models (LLMs) traditionally focus on proxy metrics like pretraining loss, predicting downstream task performance has been considered unreliable. This paper challenges that view by proposing a direct…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Jakub Krajewski , Amitis Shidani , Dan Busbridge , Sam Wiseman , Jason Ramapuram

How do neural language models acquire a language's structure when trained for next-token prediction? We address this question by deriving theoretical scaling laws for neural network performance on synthetic datasets generated by the Random…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Francesco Cagnetta , Alessandro Favero , Antonio Sclocchi , Matthieu Wyart

We find that the cross-entropy loss curves of neural language models empirically adhere to a scaling law with learning rate (LR) annealing over training steps: $$L(s) = L_0 + A\cdot S_1^{-\alpha} - C\cdot S_2,$$ where $L(s)$ is the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Howe Tissue , Venus Wang , Lu Wang

Recent studies have showcased remarkable capabilities of decoder-only models in many NLP tasks, including translation. Yet, the machine translation field has been largely dominated by encoder-decoder models based on the Transformer…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Gaëtan Caillaut , Raheel Qader , Mariam Nakhlé , Jingshu Liu , Jean-Gabriel Barthélemy

Neural scaling laws have garnered significant interest due to their ability to predict model performance as a function of increasing parameters, data, and compute. In this work, we propose a simple statistical ansatz based on memorization…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-12-10 Noam Levi

We develop task scaling laws and model ladders to predict the individual task performance of pretrained language models (LMs) in the overtrained setting. Standard power laws for language modeling loss cannot accurately model task…

In recent years, the state-of-the-art in deep learning has been dominated by very large models that have been pre-trained on vast amounts of data. The paradigm is very simple: investing more computational resources (optimally) leads to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Sotiris Anagnostidis , Gregor Bachmann , Imanol Schlag , Thomas Hofmann