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Heterogeneity in federated learning (FL) is a critical and challenging aspect that significantly impacts model performance and convergence. In this paper, we propose a novel framework by formulating heterogeneous FL as a hierarchical…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-11 Yuyang Qiu , Kibaek Kim , Farzad Yousefian

Federated learning enables distributed clients to collaborate on training while storing their data locally to protect client privacy. However, due to the heterogeneity of data, models, and devices, the final global model may need to perform…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Wolong Xing , Zhenkui Shi , Hongyan Peng , Xiantao Hu , Xianxian Li

Federated Learning (FL) enables privacy-preserving collaborative model training, but its effectiveness is often limited by client data heterogeneity. We introduce a client-selection algorithm that (i) dynamically forms nonoverlapping…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Alessandro Licciardi , Roberta Raineri , Anton Proskurnikov , Lamberto Rondoni , Lorenzo Zino

While federated learning traditionally aims to train a single global model across decentralized local datasets, one model may not always be ideal for all participating clients. Here we propose an alternative, where each client only…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-30 Michael Zhang , Karan Sapra , Sanja Fidler , Serena Yeung , Jose M. Alvarez

Personalized federated learning has received an upsurge of attention due to the mediocre performance of conventional federated learning (FL) over heterogeneous data. Unlike conventional FL which trains a single global consensus model,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-08 Jun Luo , Matias Mendieta , Chen Chen , Shandong Wu

Federated Learning (FL) is a machine learning paradigm that allows decentralized clients to learn collaboratively without sharing their private data. However, excessive computation and communication demands pose challenges to current FL…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-22 Yue Tan , Guodong Long , Jie Ma , Lu Liu , Tianyi Zhou , Jing Jiang

Federated learning is a method of training a global model from decentralized data distributed across client devices. Here, model parameters are computed locally by each client device and exchanged with a central server, which aggregates the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-23 Sagar Dhakal , Saurav Prakash , Yair Yona , Shilpa Talwar , Nageen Himayat

Federated Learning(FL) is popular as a privacy-preserving machine learning paradigm for generating a single model on decentralized data. However, statistical heterogeneity poses a significant challenge for FL. As a subfield of FL,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Keting Yin , Jiayi Mao

Personalized federated learning (PFL) tailors models to clients' unique data distributions while preserving privacy. However, existing aggregation-weight-based PFL methods often struggle with heterogeneous data, facing challenges in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Yuxia Sun , Aoxiang Sun , Siyi Pan , Zhixiao Fu , Jingcai Guo

The recent trend towards Personalized Federated Learning (PFL) has garnered significant attention as it allows for the training of models that are tailored to each client while maintaining data privacy. However, current PFL techniques…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-03 Yue Wu , Shuaicheng Zhang , Wenchao Yu , Yanchi Liu , Quanquan Gu , Dawei Zhou , Haifeng Chen , Wei Cheng

Personalized federated learning (pFL) aims to adapt models to client specific data distributions, yet it often fails to reliably preserve personalized information. Local training is hindered by high variance gradients induced by limited and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Dongwon Kim , Gyuejeong Lee

Personalized Federated Learning (PFL) aims to learn personalized models for each client based on the knowledge across all clients in a privacy-preserving manner. Existing PFL methods generally assume that the underlying global data across…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-28 Yang Lu , Pinxin Qian , Gang Huang , Hanzi Wang

The popularity of federated learning (FL) is on the rise, along with growing concerns about data privacy in artificial intelligence applications. FL facilitates collaborative multi-party model learning while simultaneously ensuring the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-19 Muhammad Firdaus , Kyung-Hyune Rhee

Conventional federated learning (FL) frameworks often suffer from training degradation due to data uncertainty and heterogeneity across local clients. Probabilistic approaches such as Bayesian neural networks (BNNs) can mitigate this issue…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Ratun Rahman , Dinh C. Nguyen

Federated learning (FL) is an emerging machine learning paradigm in which a central server coordinates multiple participants (clients) collaboratively to train on decentralized data. In practice, FL often faces statistical, system, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Liping Yi , Han Yu , Gang Wang , Xiaoguang Liu , Xiaoxiao Li

Personalized federated learning (PFL) aims to harness the collective wisdom of clients' data while building personalized models tailored to individual clients' data distributions. Existing works offer personalization primarily to clients…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-01 Hong-You Chen , Jike Zhong , Mingda Zhang , Xuhui Jia , Hang Qi , Boqing Gong , Wei-Lun Chao , Li Zhang

Federated learning (FL) can help promote data privacy by training a shared model in a de-centralized manner on the physical devices of clients. In the presence of highly heterogeneous distributions of local data, personalized FL strategy…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-10-12 Zhe Liu , Yue Hui , Fuchun Peng

Federated learning (FL) faces two structural tensions: gradient sharing enables data-reconstruction attacks, while non-IID client distributions degrade aggregation quality. We introduce PTOPOFL, a framework that addresses both challenges…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Kelly L Vomo-Donfack , Adryel Hoszu , Grégory Ginot , Ian Morilla

Federated learning (FL) has become a prevalent distributed machine learning paradigm with improved privacy. After learning, the resulting federated model should be further personalized to each different client. While several methods have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-09 Bingyan Liu , Yao Guo , Xiangqun Chen

Personalized Federated Learning (PFL) which collaboratively trains a federated model while considering local clients under privacy constraints has attracted much attention. Despite its popularity, it has been observed that existing PFL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-05 Tianchun Wang , Wei Cheng , Dongsheng Luo , Wenchao Yu , Jingchao Ni , Liang Tong , Haifeng Chen , Xiang Zhang