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Red teaming has evolved from its origins in military applications to become a widely adopted methodology in cybersecurity and AI. In this paper, we take a critical look at the practice of AI red teaming. We argue that despite its current…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Subhabrata Majumdar , Brian Pendleton , Abhishek Gupta

Red teaming has emerged as a critical practice in assessing the possible risks of AI models and systems. It aids in the discovery of novel risks, stress testing possible gaps in existing mitigations, enriching existing quantitative safety…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Lama Ahmad , Sandhini Agarwal , Michael Lampe , Pamela Mishkin

Artificial intelligence (AI) is being ubiquitously adopted to automate processes in science and industry. However, due to its often intricate and opaque nature, AI has been shown to possess inherent vulnerabilities which can be maliciously…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-12-20 Mathew J. Walter , Aaron Barrett , Kimberly Tam

As the practicality of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) based techniques grow, there is an ever increasing threat of adversarial attacks. There is a need to red team this ecosystem to identify system vulnerabilities,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-08-17 Chuyen Nguyen , Caleb Morgan , Sudip Mittal

Independent evaluation and red teaming are critical for identifying the risks posed by generative AI systems. However, the terms of service and enforcement strategies used by prominent AI companies to deter model misuse have disincentives…

As generative AI technologies find more and more real-world applications, the importance of testing their performance and safety seems paramount. "Red-teaming" has quickly become the primary approach to test AI models--prioritized by AI…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Tarleton Gillespie , Ryland Shaw , Mary L. Gray , Jina Suh

Red-teaming is a core part of the infrastructure that ensures that AI models do not produce harmful content. Unlike past technologies, the black box nature of generative AI systems necessitates a uniquely interactional mode of testing, one…

Ensuring the safe deployment of AI systems is critical in industry settings where biased outputs can lead to significant operational, reputational, and regulatory risks. Thorough evaluation before deployment is essential to prevent these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Chu Fei Luo , Ahmad Ghawanmeh , Bharat Bhimshetty , Kashyap Murali , Murli Jadhav , Xiaodan Zhu , Faiza Khan Khattak

In recent years, AI red teaming has emerged as a practice for probing the safety and security of generative AI systems. Due to the nascency of the field, there are many open questions about how red teaming operations should be conducted.…

Recently, red teaming, with roots in security, has become a key evaluative approach to ensure the safety and reliability of Generative Artificial Intelligence. However, most existing work emphasizes technical benchmarks and attack success…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Adriana Alvarado Garcia , Ruyuan Wan , Ozioma C. Oguine , Karla Badillo-Urquiola

Cybersecurity threats are becoming increasingly sophisticated, making traditional defense mechanisms and manual red teaming approaches insufficient for modern organizations. While red teaming has long been recognized as an effective method…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Shruti Srivastava , Kiranmayee Janardhan , Shaurya Jauhari

As artificial intelligence (AI) systems become increasingly embedded in critical societal functions, the need for robust red teaming methodologies continues to grow. In this forum piece, we examine emerging approaches to automating AI red…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Alice Qian Zhang , Jina Suh , Mary L. Gray , Hong Shen

In response to rising concerns surrounding the safety, security, and trustworthiness of Generative AI (GenAI) models, practitioners and regulators alike have pointed to AI red-teaming as a key component of their strategies for identifying…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-08-29 Michael Feffer , Anusha Sinha , Wesley Hanwen Deng , Zachary C. Lipton , Hoda Heidari

Large Language Model (LLM) safeguards, which implement request refusals, have become a widely adopted mitigation strategy against misuse. At the intersection of adversarial machine learning and AI safety, safeguard red teaming has…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Zifan Wang , Christina Q. Knight , Jeremy Kritz , Willow E. Primack , Julian Michael

A red team simulates adversary attacks to help defenders find effective strategies to defend their systems in a real-world operational setting. As more enterprise systems adopt AI, red-teaming will need to evolve to address the unique…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Anusha Sinha , Keltin Grimes , James Lucassen , Michael Feffer , Nathan VanHoudnos , Zhiwei Steven Wu , Hoda Heidari

Recent advances have enabled LLM-powered AI agents to autonomously execute complex tasks by combining language model reasoning with tools, memory, and web access. But can these systems be trusted to follow deployment policies in realistic…

Rapid progress in general-purpose AI has sparked significant interest in "red teaming," a practice of adversarial testing originating in military and cybersecurity applications. AI red teaming raises many questions about the human factor,…

Artificial intelligence (AI) promises immense benefits across sectors, yet also poses risks from dual-use potentials, biases, and unintended behaviors. This paper reviews emerging issues with opaque and uncontrollable AI systems and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-29 Alexander J. Titus , Adam H. Russell

Red-teaming, where adversarial prompts are crafted to expose harmful behaviors and assess risks, offers a dynamic approach to surfacing underlying stereotypical bias in large language models. Because such subtle harms are best recognized by…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Sieun Kim , Yeeun Jo , Sungmin Na , Hyunseung Lim , Eunchae Lee , Yu Min Choi , Soohyun Cho , Hwajung Hong

Collaborative AI systems aim at working together with humans in a shared space to achieve a common goal. This setting imposes potentially hazardous circumstances due to contacts that could harm human beings. Thus, building such systems with…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-15 Matteo Camilli , Michael Felderer , Andrea Giusti , Dominik T. Matt , Anna Perini , Barbara Russo , Angelo Susi
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