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Large language models (LLMs) are popular for high-quality text generation but can produce harmful content, even when aligned with human values through reinforcement learning. Adversarial prompts can bypass their safety measures. We propose…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-03 Mansi Phute , Alec Helbling , Matthew Hull , ShengYun Peng , Sebastian Szyller , Cory Cornelius , Duen Horng Chau

A prompt injection attack aims to inject malicious instruction/data into the input of an LLM-Integrated Application such that it produces results as an attacker desires. Existing works are limited to case studies. As a result, the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Yupei Liu , Yuqi Jia , Runpeng Geng , Jinyuan Jia , Neil Zhenqiang Gong

Safety is a paramount concern for large language models (LLMs) in open deployment, motivating the development of safeguard methods that enforce ethical and responsible use through safety alignment or guardrail mechanisms. Jailbreak attacks…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-10 Qingzhao Zhang , Ziyang Xiong , Z. Morley Mao

Recent studies demonstrate that Large Language Models (LLMs) are vulnerable to different prompt-based attacks, generating harmful content or sensitive information. Both closed-source and open-source LLMs are underinvestigated for these…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Jiawen Wang , Pritha Gupta , Ivan Habernal , Eyke Hüllermeier

In this fast-evolving area of LLMs, our paper discusses the significant security risk presented by prompt injection attacks. It focuses on small open-sourced models, specifically the LLaMA family of models. We introduce novel defense…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Safwan Shaheer , G. M. Refatul Islam , Mohammad Rafid Hamid , Tahsin Zaman Jilan

Security threats like prompt injection attacks pose significant risks to applications that integrate Large Language Models (LLMs), potentially leading to unauthorized actions such as API misuse. Unlike previous approaches that aim to detect…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Shih-Han Chan

In-context learning (ICL) has emerged as a powerful paradigm leveraging LLMs for specific downstream tasks by utilizing labeled examples as demonstrations (demos) in the preconditioned prompts. Despite its promising performance, crafted…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Xiangyu Zhou , Yao Qiang , Saleh Zare Zade , Prashant Khanduri , Dongxiao Zhu

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) enable exciting LLM-integrated applications, which perform text-based tasks by utilizing their advanced language understanding capabilities. However, as LLMs have improved, so have the attacks…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Sizhe Chen , Julien Piet , Chawin Sitawarin , David Wagner

Prompt injection attacks are an emerging threat to large language models (LLMs), enabling malicious users to manipulate outputs through carefully designed inputs. Existing detection approaches often require centralizing prompt data,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Hasini Jayathilaka

Large Language Models (LLMs) remain vulnerable to prompt injection attacks, representing the most significant security threat in production deployments. We present Prompt Fencing, a novel architectural approach that applies cryptographic…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Steven Peh

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved widespread adoption across numerous applications. However, many LLMs are vulnerable to malicious attacks even after safety alignment. These attacks typically bypass LLMs' safety guardrails by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Yucheng Li , Surin Ahn , Huiqiang Jiang , Amir H. Abdi , Yuqing Yang , Lili Qiu

The emergence of LLM (Large Language Model) integrated virtual assistants has brought about a rapid transformation in communication dynamics. During virtual assistant development, some developers prefer to leverage the system message, also…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-03 Chun Fai Chan , Daniel Wankit Yip , Aysan Esmradi

Large Language Models (LLMs) presents significant priority in text understanding and generation. However, LLMs suffer from the risk of generating harmful contents especially while being employed to applications. There are several black-box…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-11 Chengyuan Liu , Fubang Zhao , Lizhi Qing , Yangyang Kang , Changlong Sun , Kun Kuang , Fei Wu

The emerging capabilities of large language models (LLMs) have sparked concerns about their immediate potential for harmful misuse. The core approach to mitigate these concerns is the detection of harmful queries to the model. Current…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Sahil Verma , Keegan Hines , Jeff Bilmes , Charlotte Siska , Luke Zettlemoyer , Hila Gonen , Chandan Singh

LLM-integrated applications and agents are vulnerable to prompt injection attacks, where an attacker injects prompts into their inputs to induce attacker-desired outputs. A detection method aims to determine whether a given input is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Yupei Liu , Yuqi Jia , Jinyuan Jia , Dawn Song , Neil Zhenqiang Gong

System prompts are widely used to guide the outputs of large language models (LLMs). These prompts often contain business logic and sensitive information, making their protection essential. However, adversarial and even regular user queries…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Zhifeng Jiang , Zhihua Jin , Guoliang He

The increasing integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) into society necessitates robust defenses against vulnerabilities from jailbreaking and adversarial prompts. This project proposes a recursive framework for enhancing the resistance…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Bryan Li , Sounak Bagchi , Zizhan Wang

Web agents have emerged as an effective paradigm for automating interactions with complex web environments, yet remain vulnerable to prompt injection attacks that embed malicious instructions into webpage content to induce unintended…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Mengyao Du , Han Fang , Haokai Ma , Jiahao Chen , Kai Xu , Quanjun Yin , Ee-Chien Chang

LLM agents rely on prompts to implement task-specific capabilities based on foundation LLMs, making agent prompts valuable intellectual property. However, in untrusted deployments, adversaries can copy and reuse these prompts with other…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Qinfeng Li , Yuntai Bao , Jianghui Hu , Wenqi Zhang , Jintao Chen , Huifeng Zhu , Yier Jin , Xuhong Zhang

The wide-ranging applications of large language models (LLMs), especially in safety-critical domains, necessitate the proper evaluation of the LLM's adversarial robustness. This paper proposes an efficient tool to audit the LLM's…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-23 Xilie Xu , Keyi Kong , Ning Liu , Lizhen Cui , Di Wang , Jingfeng Zhang , Mohan Kankanhalli