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Self-testing refers to the fact that, in some quantum devices, both states and measurements can be assessed in a black-box scenario, on the sole basis of the observed statistics, i.e. without reference to any prior device calibration. Only…

Quantum measurements on a two-level system can have more than two independent outcomes, and in this case, the measurement cannot be projective. Measurements of this general type are essential to an operational approach to quantum theory,…

Certification of quantum systems and operations is a central task in quantum information processing. Most current schemes rely on a tomography with fully characterised devices, while this may not be met in real experiments. Device…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-09-16 Xingjian Zhang , Qi Zhao

We present an efficient method to extract the amount of true randomness that can be obtained by a Quantum Random Number Generator (QRNG). By repeating the measurements of a quantum system and by swapping between two mutually unbiased bases,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-12-23 G. Vallone , D. Marangon , M. Tomasin , P. Villoresi

Self-testing and Semi-Device Independent protocols are becoming the preferred choice for quantum technologies, being able to certify their quantum nature with few assumptions and simple experimental implementations. In particular for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-07-15 Davide Rusca , Hamid Tebyanian , Anthony Martin , Hugo Zbinden

Quantum Random Number Generators provide true physical randomness based on quantum processes, essential for cryptographic and scientific applications. However, practical implementations face challenges in robustness and verifiability:…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-31 Rodrigo Piera , Gianluca De Santis , Agustin Sanchez , Yury Kurochkin , James A. Grieve

Recently, a novel framework for semi-device-independent quantum prepare-and-measure protocols has been proposed, based on the assumption of a limited distinguishability between the prepared quantum states. Here, we discuss the problem of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-11-11 Weixu Shi , Yu Cai , Jonatan Bohr Brask , Hugo Zbinden , Nicolas Brunner

Quantum randomness can be certified from probabilistic behaviors demonstrating Bell nonlocality or Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen steering, leveraging outcomes from uncharacterized devices. However, such nonlocal correlations are not always…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-21 Yi Li , Yu Xiang , Jordi Tura , Qiongyi He

Randomness is an indispensable resource in modern science and information technology. Fortunately, an experimentally simple procedure exists to generate randomness with well-characterized devices: measuring a quantum system in a basis…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-08-24 Le Phuc Thinh , Jean-Daniel Bancal , Eduardo Martin-Martinez

In this letter we consider the problem of certification of quantum measurements with an arbitrary number of outcomes. We propose a simple scheme for certifying any set of $d$-outcome projective measurements which do not share any common…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-26 Shubhayan Sarkar , Debashis Saha , Remigiusz Augusiak

Randomness is a fundamental feature in nature and a valuable resource for applications ranging from cryptography and gambling to numerical simulation of physical and biological systems. Random numbers, however, are difficult to characterize…

We investigate a fundamental property of device independent security in quantum cryptography by characterizing probability distributions which are necessarily independent of the measurement results of any eavesdropper. We show that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-07-19 T. Franz , F. Furrer , R. F. Werner

Randomized benchmarking (RB) is an efficient and robust method to characterize gate errors in quantum circuits. Averaging over random sequences of gates leads to estimates of gate errors in terms of the average fidelity. These estimates are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-09-11 Jonas Helsen , Joel J. Wallman , Steven T. Flammia , Stephanie Wehner

Our goal is to provide different semiring-based formal tools for the specification of security requirements: we quantitatively enhance the open-system approach, according to which a system is partially specified. Therefore, we suppose the…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-09-30 Fabio Martinelli , Ilaria Matteucci , Francesco Santini

Self-testing protocols are methods to determine the presence of shared entangled states in a device independent scenario, where no assumptions on the measurements involved in the protocol are made. A particular type of self-testing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-24 Ivan Šupić , Daniel Cavalcanti , Joseph Bowles

Self-testing is a method to certify devices from the result of a Bell test. Although examples of noise tolerant self-testing are known, it is not clear how to deal efficiently with a finite number of experimental trials to certify the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-03 Jean-Daniel Bancal , Kai Redeker , Pavel Sekatski , Wenjamin Rosenfeld , Nicolas Sangouard

This work analyzes correlations arising from quantum systems subject to sequential projective measurements to certify that the system in question has a quantum dimension greater than some $d$. We refine previous known methods and show that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-06-16 Adel Sohbi , Damian Markham , Jaewan Kim , Marco Túlio Quintino

Authentication of quantum sources is a crucial task in building reliable and efficient protocols for quantum-information processing. Steady progress vis-\`{a}-vis verification of quantum devices in the scenario with fully characterized…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-02-08 Aleksandra Gočanin , Ivan Šupić , Borivoje Dakić

A software product line models the variability of highly configurable systems. Complete exploration of all valid configurations (the configuration space) is infeasible as it grows exponentially with the number of features in the worst case.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-28 Joshua Ammermann , Tim Bittner , Domenik Eichhorn , Ina Schaefer , Christoph Seidl

Benchmarking quantum devices is a foundational task for the sustained development of quantum technologies. However, accurate in situ characterization of large-scale quantum devices remains a formidable challenge: such systems experience…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-14 Tudor Manole , Daniel K. Mark , Wenjie Gong , Bingtian Ye , Yury Polyanskiy , Soonwon Choi