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Metamorphic Relations (MRs) serve as a foundational mechanism for generating semantically equivalent mutations. Software engineering has advanced significantly in recent years with the advent of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Mostafijur Rahman Akhond , Gias Uddin

Large-Language Models (LLMs) have shifted the paradigm of natural language data processing. However, their black-boxed and probabilistic characteristics can lead to potential risks in the quality of outputs in diverse LLM applications.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Sangwon Hyun , Mingyu Guo , M. Ali Babar

Autonomous agents driven by Large Language Models (LLMs) offer enormous potential for automation. Early proof of this technology can be found in various demonstrations of agents solving complex tasks, interacting with external systems to…

In this era of technological advancements, several cutting-edge techniques are being implemented to enhance Autonomous Driving (AD) systems, focusing on improving safety, efficiency, and adaptability in complex driving environments.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Md Robiul Islam

Automated testing is essential for evaluating and improving the reliability of Large Language Models (LLMs), yet the lack of automated oracles for verifying output correctness remains a key challenge. We present LLMORPH, an automated…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Steven Cho , Stefano Ruberto , Valerio Terragni

Self-driving cars have the potential to revolutionize transportation, but ensuring their safety remains a significant challenge. These systems must navigate a variety of unexpected scenarios on the road, and their complexity poses…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Tony Zhang , Burak Kantarci , Umair Siddique

Autonomous Driving Systems (ADS) are critical dynamic reconfigurable agent systems whose specification and validation raises extremely challenging problems. The paper presents a multilevel semantic framework for the specification of ADS and…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2021-09-15 Marius Bozga , Joseph Sifakis

Designing autonomous driving systems requires efficient exploration of large hardware/software configuration spaces under diverse environmental conditions, e.g., with varying traffic, weather, and road layouts. Traditional design space…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Po-An Shih , Shao-Hua Wang , Yung-Che Li , Chia-Heng Tu , Chih-Han Chang

Existing learning-based autonomous driving (AD) systems face challenges in comprehending high-level information, generalizing to rare events, and providing interpretability. To address these problems, this work employs Large Language Models…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Hao Sha , Yao Mu , Yuxuan Jiang , Li Chen , Chenfeng Xu , Ping Luo , Shengbo Eben Li , Masayoshi Tomizuka , Wei Zhan , Mingyu Ding

Large language models (LLMs) have introduced substantial challenges to software quality assurance due to their generative, probabilistic, and open-ended nature, which intensifies the oracle problem and limits the applicability of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Zheng Zheng , Zenghui Zhou , Yinwang Xu , Daixu Ren , Tsong Yueh Chen

Traditional approaches to safety event analysis in autonomous systems have relied on complex machine learning models and extensive datasets for high accuracy and reliability. However, the advent of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Mohammad Abu Tami , Huthaifa I. Ashqar , Mohammed Elhenawy

Automated Driving System (ADS) is a safety-critical software system responsible for the interpretation of the vehicle's environment and making decisions accordingly. The unbounded complexity of the driving context, including unforeseeable…

Metamorphic testing (MT) has proven to be a successful solution to automating testing and addressing the oracle problem. However, it entails manually deriving metamorphic relations (MRs) and converting them into an executable form; these…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Seung Yeob Shin , Fabrizio Pastore , Domenico Bianculli , Alexandra Baicoianu

Large Language Model (LLM)-based agents are increasingly deployed in real-world applications such as "digital assistants, autonomous customer service, and decision-support systems", where their ability to "interact in multi-turn,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Xueyang Zhou , Weidong Wang , Lin Lu , Jiawen Shi , Guiyao Tie , Yongtian Xu , Lixing Chen , Pan Zhou , Neil Zhenqiang Gong , Lichao Sun

Complex vehicle routing problems (VRPs) remain a fundamental challenge, demanding substantial expert effort for intent interpretation and algorithm design. While large language models (LLMs) offer a promising path toward automation, current…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Ni Zhang , Zhiguang Cao , Jianan Zhou , Cong Zhang , Yew-Soon Ong

Adaptive Traffic Signal Control (ATSC) aims to optimize traffic flow and minimize delays by adjusting traffic lights in real time. Recent advances in Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) have shown promise for ATSC, yet existing…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Yifeng Zhang , Peizhuo Li , Tingguang Zhou , Mingfeng Fan , Guillaume Sartoretti

We present MAATS, a Multi Agent Automated Translation System that leverages the Multidimensional Quality Metrics (MQM) framework as a fine-grained signal for error detection and refinement. MAATS employs multiple specialized AI agents, each…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-11 George Wang , Jiaqian Hu , Safinah Ali

Large Language Models (LLMs), AI models trained on massive text corpora with remarkable language understanding and generation capabilities, are transforming the field of Autonomous Driving (AD). As AD systems evolve from rule-based and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Yun Li , Kai Katsumata , Ehsan Javanmardi , Manabu Tsukada

We introduce DriveAgent, a novel multi-agent autonomous driving framework that leverages large language model (LLM) reasoning combined with multimodal sensor fusion to enhance situational understanding and decision-making. DriveAgent…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Xinmeng Hou , Wuqi Wang , Long Yang , Hao Lin , Jinglun Feng , Haigen Min , Xiangmo Zhao

Autonomous Driving Systems (ADSs) rely on Deep Neural Networks, allowing vehicles to navigate complex, open environments. However, the unpredictability of these scenarios highlights the need for rigorous system-level testing to ensure…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Hossein Yousefizadeh , Shenghui Gu , Lionel C. Briand , Ali Nasr