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Related papers: The Massive Legal Embedding Benchmark (MLEB)

200 papers

Legal documents pose unique challenges for text classification due to their domain-specific language and often limited labeled data. This paper proposes a hybrid approach for classifying legal texts by combining unsupervised topic and graph…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-09-03 Deepak Bastola , Woohyeok Choi

We introduce RusBEIR, a comprehensive benchmark designed for zero-shot evaluation of information retrieval (IR) models in the Russian language. Comprising 17 datasets from various domains, it integrates adapted, translated, and newly…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Grigory Kovalev , Mikhail Tikhomirov , Evgeny Kozhevnikov , Max Kornilov , Natalia Loukachevitch

Legal proposition generation is central to legal reasoning and doctrinal scholarship, yet remain under-examined in Legal NLP. This paper investigates the automatic generation and evaluation of legal propositions from decisions of the Court…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Shanshan Xu , Johan Lindholm , Amogh Raina , Henrik Palmer Olsen , Daniel Hershcovich

Recent advances in deep research systems enable large language models to retrieve, synthesize, and reason over large-scale external knowledge. In medicine, developing clinical guidelines critically depends on such deep evidence integration.…

Document content extraction is a critical task in computer vision, underpinning the data needs of large language models (LLMs) and retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems. Despite recent progress, current document parsing methods have…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Linke Ouyang , Yuan Qu , Hongbin Zhou , Jiawei Zhu , Rui Zhang , Qunshu Lin , Bin Wang , Zhiyuan Zhao , Man Jiang , Xiaomeng Zhao , Jin Shi , Fan Wu , Pei Chu , Minghao Liu , Zhenxiang Li , Chao Xu , Bo Zhang , Botian Shi , Zhongying Tu , Conghui He

Embedding models play a crucial role in representing and retrieving information across various NLP applications. Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have further enhanced the performance of embedding models, which are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Yixuan Tang , Yi Yang

Computing similarity between two legal documents is an important and challenging task in the domain of Legal Information Retrieval. Finding similar legal documents has many applications in downstream tasks, including prior-case retrieval,…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2020-04-28 Paheli Bhattacharya , Kripabandhu Ghosh , Arindam Pal , Saptarshi Ghosh

Most organizational data in this world are stored as documents, and visual retrieval plays a crucial role in unlocking the collective intelligence from all these documents. However, existing benchmarks focus on English-only document…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Jian Chen , Ming Li , Jihyung Kil , Chenguang Wang , Tong Yu , Ryan Rossi , Tianyi Zhou , Changyou Chen , Ruiyi Zhang

Word embedding is a modern distributed word representations approach widely used in many natural language processing tasks. Converting the vocabulary in a legal document into a word embedding model facilitates subjecting legal documents to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-01 Chun-Hsien Lin , Pu-Jen Cheng

As the legal community increasingly examines the use of large language models (LLMs) for various legal applications, legal AI developers have turned to retrieval-augmented LLMs ("RAG" systems) to improve system performance and robustness.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-08 Lucia Zheng , Neel Guha , Javokhir Arifov , Sarah Zhang , Michal Skreta , Christopher D. Manning , Peter Henderson , Daniel E. Ho

Multi-entity question answering (MEQA) represents significant challenges for large language models (LLM) and retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems, which frequently struggle to consolidate scattered information across diverse…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Teng Lin , Yuyu Luo , Honglin Zhang , Jicheng Zhang , Chunlin Liu , Kaishun Wu , Nan Tang

The scientific literature is growing faster than ever. Finding an expert in a particular scientific domain has never been as hard as today because of the increasing amount of publications and because of the ever growing diversity of…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-04-09 Robin Brochier , Antoine Gourru , Adrien Guille , Julien Velcin

The recent advances of deep learning have dramatically changed how machine learning, especially in the domain of natural language processing, can be applied to legal domain. However, this shift to the data-driven approaches calls for larger…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-06 Wonseok Hwang , Dongjun Lee , Kyoungyeon Cho , Hanuhl Lee , Minjoon Seo

Recognizing facts is the most fundamental step in making judgments, hence detecting events in the legal documents is important to legal case analysis tasks. However, existing Legal Event Detection (LED) datasets only concern incomprehensive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-17 Feng Yao , Chaojun Xiao , Xiaozhi Wang , Zhiyuan Liu , Lei Hou , Cunchao Tu , Juanzi Li , Yun Liu , Weixing Shen , Maosong Sun

Dense vector representations for textual data are crucial in modern NLP. Word embeddings and sentence embeddings estimated from raw texts are key in achieving state-of-the-art results in various tasks requiring semantic understanding.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Sonal Sannigrahi , Josef van Genabith , Cristina Espana-Bonet

We introduce ALARB, a dataset and suite of tasks designed to evaluate the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs) within the Arabic legal domain. While existing Arabic benchmarks cover some knowledge-intensive tasks such as…

Extreme multi-label learning (XML) or classification has been a practical and important problem since the boom of big data. The main challenge lies in the exponential label space which involves $2^L$ possible label sets especially when the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-06-11 Wenjie Zhang , Junchi Yan , Xiangfeng Wang , Hongyuan Zha

We present Belebele, a multiple-choice machine reading comprehension (MRC) dataset spanning 122 language variants. Significantly expanding the language coverage of natural language understanding (NLU) benchmarks, this dataset enables the…

Here we search for the best automated classification approach for a set of complex legal documents. Our classification task is not trivial: our aim is to classify ca 30,000 public courthouse records from 12 states and 267 counties at two…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-13 Glen Hopkins , Kristjan Kalm

Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly advanced the development of Legal Artificial Intelligence (Legal AI) in recent years, enhancing the efficiency and accuracy of legal tasks. To advance research and applications of LLM-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Zhitian Hou , Zihan Ye , Nanli Zeng , Tianyong Hao , Kun Zeng