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Smart contracts are programs that execute transactions involving independent parties and cryptocurrencies. As programs, smart contracts are susceptible to a wide range of errors and vulnerabilities. Such vulnerabilities can result in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-07-03 Sundas Munir , Walid Taha

Although blockchain-based smart contracts promise a ``trustless'' way of enforcing agreements even with monetary consequences, they suffer from multiple security issues. Many of these issues could be mitigated via an effective access…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-03-18 Bowen Liu , Siwei Sun , Pawel Szalachowski

Smart contracts hold digital coins worth billions of dollars, their security issues have drawn extensive attention in the past years. Towards smart contract vulnerability detection, conventional methods heavily rely on fixed expert rules,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-18 Zhenguang Liu , Peng Qian , Xiang Wang , Lei Zhu , Qinming He , Shouling Ji

With the increasing adoption of smart contracts, ensuring their security has become a critical concern. Numerous vulnerabilities and attacks have been identified and exploited, resulting in significant financial losses. In response,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Zhiyuan Wei , Jing Sun , Zijian Zhang , Xianhao Zhang , Xiaoxuan Yang , Liehuang Zhu

Smart contracts are essential for managing digital assets in blockchain networks, highlighting the need for effective security measures. This paper introduces SmartLLMSentry, a novel framework that leverages large language models (LLMs),…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Oualid Zaazaa , Hanan El Bakkali

Smart contracts are programs running on top of blockchain platforms. They interact with each other through well-defined interfaces to perform financial transactions in a distributed system with no trusted third parties. But these interfaces…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-02-19 Yu Feng , Emina Torlak , Rastislav Bodik

Auto-completing code enables developers to speed up coding significantly. Recent advances in transformer-based large language model (LLM) technologies have been applied to code synthesis. However, studies show that many of such synthesized…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-09 André Storhaug , Jingyue Li , Tianyuan Hu

Smart contracts are nowadays at the core of most blockchain systems, as they specify and allow an agreement between entities that wish to perform a transaction. As any computer program, smart contracts are subject to the presence of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Fernando Richter Vidal , Naghmeh Ivaki , Nuno Laranjeiro

Reentrancy, a notorious vulnerability in smart contracts, has led to millions of dollars in financial loss. However, current smart contract vulnerability detection tools suffer from a high false positive rate in identifying contracts with…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-29 Shuo Yang , Jiachi Chen , Mingyuan Huang , Zibin Zheng , Yuan Huang

Due to the risks associated with vulnerabilities in smart contracts, their security has gained significant attention in recent years. However, there is a lack of open datasets on smart contract vulnerabilities and their fixes that allows…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-12-22 Majd Soud , Ilham Qasse , Grischa Liebel , Mohammad Hamdaqa

As the Ethereum platform continues to mature and gain widespread usage, it is crucial to maintain high standards of smart contract writing practices. While bad practices in smart contracts may not directly lead to security issues, they…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Xiaoqi Li , Zongwei Li , Wenkai Li , Yuqing Zhang , Xin Wang

Smart contracts, as a key component of blockchain technology, play a crucial role in ensuring the automation of transactions and adherence to protocol rules. However, smart contracts are susceptible to security vulnerabilities, which, if…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Yuying Du , Xueyan Tang

An important problem in smart contract security is understanding the likelihood and criticality of discovered, or potential, weaknesses in contracts. In this paper we provide a summary of Ethereum smart contract audits performed for 23…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-01-13 Alex Groce , Josselin Feist , Gustavo Grieco , Michael Colburn

Many Ethereum smart contracts rely on block attributes such as block.timestamp or blockhash to generate random numbers for applications like lotteries and games. However, these values are predictable and miner-manipulable, creating the Bad…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Hadis Rezaei , Rahim Taheri , Francesco Palmieri

Smart contracts are frequently vulnerable to control-flow attacks based on confused deputies, reentrancy, and incorrect error handling. These attacks exploit the complexity of interactions among multiple possibly unknown contracts. Existing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Siqiu Yao , Haobin Ni , Stephanie Ma , Noah Schiff , Andrew C. Myers , Ethan Cecchetti

Smart contract vulnerabilities have caused billions in financial losses, raising questions about whether programming language paradigms can reduce security overhead. While imperative languages like Solidity require developers to manually…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Matteo Vaccargiu , Andrea Pinna , Maria Ilaria Lunesu , Giuseppe Destefanis

Turing completeness has made Ethereum smart contracts attractive to blockchain developers and attackers alike. To increase code security, many tools can now spot most known vulnerabilities$-$at the cost of production efficiency. Recent…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Tommaso Oss , Carlos E. Budde

Smart contract technology facilitates self-executing agreements on the blockchain, eliminating dependency on an external trusted authority. However, smart contracts may expose vulnerabilities that can lead to financial losses and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Emre Balci , Timucin Aydede , Gorkem Yilmaz , Ece Gelal Soyak

Smart contracts are programs deployed on a blockchain and are immutable once deployed. Reentrancy, one of the most important vulnerabilities in smart contracts, has caused millions of dollars in financial loss. Many reentrancy detection…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-03-27 Zibin Zheng , Neng Zhang , Jianzhong Su , Zhijie Zhong , Mingxi Ye , Jiachi Chen

In the case of upgrading smart contracts on blockchain systems, it is essential to consider the continuity of upgrades and subsequent maintenance. In practice, upgrade operations often introduce new vulnerabilities. Existing static analysis…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Xiaoqi Li , Lei Xie , Wenkai Li , Zongwei Li