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We present a scalable pipeline for automatically generating high-quality training data for web agents. In particular, a major challenge in identifying high-quality training instances is trajectory evaluation - quantifying how much progress…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Lajanugen Logeswaran , Jaekyeom Kim , Sungryull Sohn , Creighton Glasscock , Honglak Lee

Web agents enable users to perform tasks on web browsers through natural language interaction. Evaluating web agents trajectories is an important problem, since it helps us determine whether the agent successfully completed the tasks.…

For web agents to be practically useful, they must adapt to the continuously evolving web environment characterized by frequent updates to user interfaces and content. However, most existing benchmarks only capture the static aspects of the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-17 Yichen Pan , Dehan Kong , Sida Zhou , Cheng Cui , Yifei Leng , Bing Jiang , Hangyu Liu , Yanyi Shang , Shuyan Zhou , Tongshuang Wu , Zhengyang Wu

As multimodal LLM-driven agents advance in autonomy and generalization, traditional static datasets face inherent scalability limitations and are insufficient for fully assessing their capabilities in increasingly complex and diverse tasks.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Yurun Chen , Xavier Hu , Yuhan Liu , Ziqi Wang , Zeyi Liao , Lin Chen , Feng Wei , Yuxi Qian , Bo Zheng , Keting Yin , Shengyu Zhang

Multi-agent interacting systems are prevalent in the world, from pure physical systems to complicated social dynamic systems. In many applications, effective understanding of the situation and accurate trajectory prediction of interactive…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-10-23 Jiachen Li , Fan Yang , Masayoshi Tomizuka , Chiho Choi

Recent progress in large language models (LLMs) has enabled the development of autonomous web agents capable of navigating and interacting with real websites. However, evaluating such agents remains challenging due to the instability and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Zihao Sun , Ling Chen

As multimodal large language models (MLLMs) advance, MLLM-based virtual agents have demonstrated remarkable performance. However, existing benchmarks face significant limitations, including uncontrollable task complexity, extensive manual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Wendong Bu , Yang Wu , Qifan Yu , Minghe Gao , Bingchen Miao , Zhenkui Zhang , Kaihang Pan , Yunfei Li , Mengze Li , Wei Ji , Juncheng Li , Siliang Tang , Yueting Zhuang

Web agents automate browser tasks, ranging from simple form completion to complex workflows like ordering groceries. While current benchmarks evaluate general-purpose performance~(e.g., WebArena) or safety against malicious actions~(e.g.,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Guruprasad Viswanathan Ramesh , Asmit Nayak , Basieem Siddique , Kassem Fawaz

The improvement of web agents on current benchmarks raises the question: Do today's agents perform just as well when the web changes? We introduce TimeWarp, a benchmark that emulates the evolving web using containerized environments that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Md Farhan Ishmam , Kenneth Marino

Despite significant advances in autonomous web navigation, current methods remain far from human-level performance in complex web environments. We argue that this limitation stems from Topological Blindness, where agents are forced to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Xuanwang Zhang , Yuteng Han , Jinnan Qi , Mulong Xie , Zhen Wu , Xinyu Dai

Autonomous agents capable of planning, reasoning, and executing actions on the web offer a promising avenue for automating computer tasks. However, the majority of existing benchmarks primarily focus on text-based agents, neglecting many…

Evaluating GUI agents presents a distinct challenge: trajectories are long, visually grounded, and open-ended, yet evaluation must be both accurate and interpretable. Existing approaches typically apply a single holistic judgment over the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Yuwen Zhai , Runze Li , Liang Wang , Nian Shi , Liwu Xu , Wei Zhang , Ran Lin , Bo Xu , Benlei Cui

Analysis of aggregate and individual Web traffic has shown that PageRank is a poor model of how people navigate the Web. Using the empirical traffic patterns generated by a thousand users, we characterize several properties of Web traffic…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2011-11-24 Mark Meiss , Bruno Gonçalves , José J. Ramasco , Alessandro Flammini , Filippo Menczer

Recent advances in browser-based LLM agents have shown promise for automating tasks ranging from simple form filling to hotel booking or online shopping. Current benchmarks measure agent performance in controlled environments, such as…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Su Kara , Fazle Faisal , Suman Nath

Evaluating the clinical correctness and reasoning fidelity of automatically generated medical imaging reports remains a critical yet unresolved challenge. Existing evaluation methods often fail to capture the structured diagnostic logic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Suzhong Fu , Jingqi Dong , Xuan Ding , Rui Sun , Yiming Yang , Shuguang Cui , Zhen Li

The rapid advancement of multimodal large language models has enabled agents to operate mobile devices by directly interacting with graphical user interfaces, opening new possibilities for mobile automation. However, real-world mobile tasks…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Yuanyi Song , Heyuan Huang , Qiqiang Lin , Yin Zhao , Xiangmou Qu , Jun Wang , Xingyu Lou , Weiwen Liu , Zhuosheng Zhang , Jun Wang , Yong Yu , Weinan Zhang , Zhaoxiang Wang

In this work, we present a novel multi-modal multi-agent trajectory prediction architecture, focusing on map and interaction modeling using graph representation. For the purposes of map modeling, we capture rich topological structure into…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-03-02 Faris Janjoš , Maxim Dolgov , J. Marius Zöllner

Analysis of aggregate Web traffic has shown that PageRank is a poor model of how people actually navigate the Web. Using the empirical traffic patterns generated by a thousand users over the course of two months, we characterize the…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2010-04-27 Bruno Goncalves , Mark R. Meiss , Jose J. Ramasco , Alessandro Flammini , Filippo Menczer

Large language model-based web agents have demonstrated strong performance on realistic web interaction tasks. However, existing evaluations are predominantly conducted under relatively stable and well-behaved interaction conditions, which…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Haoyue Bai , Dong Wang , Long Chen , Bingguang Hao , Pengyang Shao , Yonghui Yang , Yicheng He , Chenyi Zhuang

Behavior prediction of traffic actors is an essential component of any real-world self-driving system. Actors' long-term behaviors tend to be governed by their interactions with other actors or traffic elements (traffic lights, stop signs)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-29 Sumit Kumar , Yiming Gu , Jerrick Hoang , Galen Clark Haynes , Micol Marchetti-Bowick
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