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This paper presents a systematic review of the infrastructure requirements for deploying Large Language Models (LLMs) on-device within the context of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), focusing on both hardware and software…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Jeremy Stephen Gabriel Yee , Pai Chet Ng , Zhengkui Wang , Ian McLoughlin , Aik Beng Ng , Simon See

This paper presents the first industry-standard open-source machine learning (ML) benchmark to allow perfor mance and accuracy evaluation of mobile devices with different AI chips and software stacks. The benchmark draws from the expertise…

In the evolving landscape of transportation systems, integrating Large Language Models (LLMs) offers a promising frontier for advancing intelligent decision-making across various applications. This paper introduces a novel 3-dimensional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Dexter Le , Aybars Yunusoglu , Karn Tiwari , Murat Isik , I. Can Dikmen

Deploying large language models (LLMs) locally on mobile devices is advantageous in scenarios where transmitting data to remote cloud servers is either undesirable due to privacy concerns or impractical due to network connection. Recent…

As on-device LLMs(e.g., Apple on-device Intelligence) are widely adopted to reduce network dependency, improve privacy, and enhance responsiveness, verifying the legitimacy of models running on local devices becomes critical. Existing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Ruisi Zhang , Yifei Zhao , Neusha Javidnia , Mengxin Zheng , Farinaz Koushanfar

This demo presents a novel end-to-end framework that combines on-device large language models (LLMs) with smartphone sensing technologies to achieve context-aware and personalized services. The framework addresses critical limitations of…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Shiquan Zhang , Ying Ma , Le Fang , Hong Jia , Simon D'Alfonso , Vassilis Kostakos

The reproducibility and transparency of large language models are crucial for advancing open research, ensuring the trustworthiness of results, and enabling investigations into data and model biases, as well as potential risks. To this end,…

Transformer Neural Networks are driving an explosion of activity and discovery in the field of Large Language Models (LLMs). In contrast, there have been only a few attempts to apply Transformers in engineering physics. Aiming to offer an…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Stavros Kassinos , Alessio Alexiadis

Deploying deep learning (DL) on mobile devices has been a notable trend in recent years. To support fast inference of on-device DL, DL libraries play a critical role as algorithms and hardware do. Unfortunately, no prior work ever dives…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-07 Qiyang Zhang , Xiang Li , Xiangying Che , Xiao Ma , Ao Zhou , Mengwei Xu , Shangguang Wang , Yun Ma , Xuanzhe Liu

Recent advancements in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have revolutionized the field of vision-language understanding by integrating visual perception capabilities into Large Language Models (LLMs). The prevailing trend in this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-22 Sirnam Swetha , Jinyu Yang , Tal Neiman , Mamshad Nayeem Rizve , Son Tran , Benjamin Yao , Trishul Chilimbi , Mubarak Shah

Rapid advancements in large language models (LLMs) have increased interest in deploying them on mobile devices for on-device AI applications. Mobile users interact differently with LLMs compared to desktop users, creating unique…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-27 Sondos Mahmoud Bsharat , Mukul Ranjan , Aidar Myrzakhan , Jiacheng Liu , Bowei Guo , Shengkun Tang , Zhuang Liu , Yuanzhi Li , Zhiqiang Shen

Large language models (LLMs) have driven significant progress across a wide range of real-world applications. Realizing such models requires substantial system-level support. Deep learning (DL) frameworks provide this foundation by enabling…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Yanzhou Mu , Rong Wang , Juan Zhai , Chunrong Fang , Xiang Chen , Jiacong Wu , An Guo , Jiawei Shen , Bingzhuo Li , Zhenyu Chen

We initiate the first empirical study on the use of MLP architectures for vision-and-language (VL) fusion. Through extensive experiments on 5 VL tasks and 5 robust VQA benchmarks, we find that: (i) Without pre-training, using MLPs for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-12-09 Yixin Nie , Linjie Li , Zhe Gan , Shuohang Wang , Chenguang Zhu , Michael Zeng , Zicheng Liu , Mohit Bansal , Lijuan Wang

Large language models (LLMs) represent a significant advancement in integrating physical robots with AI-driven systems. We showcase the capabilities of our framework within the context of the real-world household competition. This research…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-01-29 Shady Nasrat , Myungsu Kim , Seonil Lee , Jiho Lee , Yeoncheol Jang , Seung-joon Yi

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional performance across a variety of tasks. However, their substantial scale leads to significant computational resource consumption during inference, resulting in high costs.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Zhaode Wang , Jingbang Yang , Xinyu Qian , Shiwen Xing , Xiaotang Jiang , Chengfei Lv , Shengyu Zhang

Masked diffusion models (MDMs) have emerged as a promising alternative to autoregressive models for language modeling, yet the effective design of transformer architectures for MDMs remains underexplored. In this paper, we show that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Sanghyun Lee , Chunsan Hong , Seungryong Kim , Jonghyun Lee , Jongho Park , Dongmin Park

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable performance across a wide range of applications, often outperforming human experts. However, deploying these gigantic models efficiently for diverse inference use cases requires carefully…

Apple Silicon has attracted much attention for its performance and role in machine learning (ML) training. Unlike NVIDIA GPUs, which have traditionally dominated ML training, Apple Silicon has a significant difference in memory…

Performance · Computer Science 2025-01-29 Dahua Feng , Zhiming Xu , Rongxiang Wang , Felix Xiaozhu Lin

On-device inference for Large Language Models (LLMs), driven by increasing privacy concerns and advancements of mobile-sized models, has gained significant interest. However, even mobile-sized LLMs (e.g., Gemma-2B) encounter unacceptably…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Daliang Xu , Hao Zhang , Liming Yang , Ruiqi Liu , Gang Huang , Mengwei Xu , Xuanzhe Liu

Large language models (LLMs) are computationally intensive. The computation workload and the memory footprint grow quadratically with the dimension (layer width). Most of LLMs' parameters come from the linear layers of the transformer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-22 Xiao-Yang Liu , Jie Zhang , Guoxuan Wang , Weiqing Tong , Anwar Walid