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A posteriori error estimates are an important tool to bound discretization errors in terms of computable quantities avoiding regularity conditions that are often difficult to establish. For non-linear and non-differentiable problems,…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-06-12 Sören Bartels , Alex Kaltenbach

Bilevel optimization has witnessed a resurgence of interest, driven by its critical role in trustworthy and efficient AI applications. While many recent works have established convergence to stationary points or local minima, obtaining the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-12-25 Quan Xiao , Tianyi Chen

Solving a bilevel optimization problem is at the core of several machine learning problems such as hyperparameter tuning, data denoising, meta- and few-shot learning, and training-data poisoning. Different from simultaneous or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-07 Akshay Mehra , Jihun Hamm

Bilevel optimization provides a powerful framework for modelling hierarchical decision-making systems. This work presents a sensitivity-based algorithm that addresses the bilevel structure directly by treating the lower-level optimal…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-28 Eduardo Nolasco , Ross D. King , Vassilios S. Vassiliadis

Multilevel methods represent a powerful approach in numerical solution of partial differential equations. The multilevel structure can also be used to construct estimates for total and algebraic errors of computed approximations. This paper…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-05-13 Petr Vacek , Jan Papež , Zdeněk Strakoš

We review some recent learning approaches in variational imaging, based on bilevel optimisation, and emphasize the importance of their treatment in function space. The paper covers both analytical and numerical techniques. Analytically, we…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-08-08 Luca Calatroni , Cao Chung , Juan Carlos De Los Reyes , Carola-Bibiane Schönlieb , Tuomo Valkonen

Bilevel learning refers to machine learning problems that can be formulated as bilevel optimization models, where decisions are organized in a hierarchical structure. This paradigm has recently gained considerable attention in machine…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-05 Riccardo Grazzi , Massimiliano Pontil , Saverio Salzo , Alain Zemkoho

Bilevel optimization is defined as a mathematical program, where an optimization problem contains another optimization problem as a constraint. These problems have received significant attention from the mathematical programming community.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-12-08 Ankur Sinha , Pekka Malo , Kalyanmoy Deb

Weighted least squares polynomial approximation uses random samples to determine projections of functions onto spaces of polynomials. It has been shown that, using an optimal distribution of sample locations, the number of samples required…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2017-10-10 Abdul-Lateef Haji-Ali , Fabio Nobile , Raúl Tempone , Sören Wolfers

We consider a bilevel optimization problem in which the ground set is partitioned between two decision makers, a leader and a follower, whose optimization problems are interleaved. We study the Bilevel Independent Set problem, and its…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Komal Muluk

A new exact projective penalty method is proposed for the equivalent reduction of constrained optimization problems to nonsmooth unconstrained ones. In the method, the original objective function is extended to infeasible points by summing…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-12-05 Vladimir Norkin

Relying on the co-area formula, an exact relaxation framework for minimizing objectives involving the total variation of a binary valued function (of bounded variation) is presented. The underlying problem class covers many important…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2012-10-30 Martin Burger , Yiqiu Dong , Michael Hintermüller

We study a class of bilevel optimization problems in which both the upper- and lower-level problems have minimax structures. This setting captures a broad range of emerging applications. Despite the extensive literature on bilevel…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-11 Yiyang Shen , Yutian He , Weiran Wang , Qihang Lin

Bilevel linear programming (LP) is one of the simplest classes of bilevel optimization problems, yet it is known to be NP-hard in general. Specifically, determining whether the optimal objective value of a bilevel LP is at least as good as…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-03-23 Nagisa Sugishita , Margarida Carvalho

Bilevel optimization has gained prominence in various applications. In this study, we introduce a framework for solving bilevel optimization problems, where the variables in both the lower and upper levels are constrained on Riemannian…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-11-05 Andi Han , Bamdev Mishra , Pratik Jawanpuria , Akiko Takeda

An adaptive proximal method for a special class of variational inequalities and related problems is proposed. For example, the so-called mixed variational inequalities and composite saddle problems are considered. Some estimates of the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-08-25 Fedor S. Stonyakin

Bilevel programming has recently received attention in the literature due to its wide range of applications, including reinforcement learning and hyper-parameter optimization. However, it is widely assumed that the underlying bilevel…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Parvin Nazari , Ahmad Mousavi , Davoud Ataee Tarzanagh , George Michailidis

Bilevel programs model sequential decision interactions between two sets of players and find wide applications in real-world complex systems. In this paper, we consider a bilevel mixed-integer linear program with binary tender, wherein the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-03 Bo Zhou , Ruiwei Jiang , Siqian Shen

We consider the optimistic bilevel optimization problem, known to have a wide range of applications in engineering, that we transform into a single-level optimization problem by means of the lower-level optimal value function reformulation.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-01-26 Andrey Tin , Alain B. Zemkoho

This paper presents a general convergence theory of penalty based numerical methods for elliptic constrained inequality problems, including variational inequalities, hemivariational inequalities, and variational-hemivariational…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2019-12-18 Weimin Han , Mircea Sofonea