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Efficient sampling of unnormalized probability densities such as the Boltzmann distribution of molecular systems is a longstanding challenge. Next to conventional approaches like molecular dynamics or Markov chain Monte Carlo, variational…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Henrik Schopmans , Pascal Friederich

Sampling equilibrium molecular configurations from the Boltzmann distribution is a longstanding challenge. Boltzmann Generators (BGs) address this by combining exact-likelihood generative models with importance sampling, but practical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Weilong Chen , Bojun Zhao , Jan Eckwert , Julija Zavadlav

The generation of equilibrium samples of molecular systems has been a long-standing problem in statistical physics. Boltzmann Generators are a generative machine learning method that addresses this issue by learning a transformation via a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-02-04 Leon Klein , Frank Noé

A hybrid quantum-classical method for learning Boltzmann machines (BM) for a generative and discriminative task is presented. Boltzmann machines are undirected graphs with a network of visible and hidden nodes where the former is used as…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-21 Siddhartha Srivastava , Veera Sundararaghavan

Efficient sampling from the Boltzmann distribution given its energy function is a key challenge for modeling complex physical systems such as molecules. Boltzmann Generators address this problem by leveraging continuous normalizing flows to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Rishal Aggarwal , Jacky Chen , Nicholas M. Boffi , David Ryan Koes

Boltzmann machines (BMs) are powerful energy-based generative models, but their heavy training cost has largely confined practical use to Restricted BMs (RBMs) trained with an efficient learning method called contrastive divergence. More…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Kentaro Kubo , Hayato Goto

Scalable sampling of molecular states in thermodynamic equilibrium is a long-standing challenge in statistical physics. Boltzmann generators tackle this problem by pairing normalizing flows with importance sampling to obtain uncorrelated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Charlie B. Tan , Avishek Joey Bose , Chen Lin , Leon Klein , Michael M. Bronstein , Alexander Tong

Computing equilibrium states in condensed-matter many-body systems, such as solvated proteins, is a long-standing challenge. Lacking methods for generating statistically independent equilibrium samples in "one shot", vast computational…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-07-15 Frank Noé , Simon Olsson , Jonas Köhler , Hao Wu

Restricted Boltzmann machines (RBMs) are a powerful class of generative models, but their training requires computing a gradient that, unlike supervised backpropagation on typical loss functions, is notoriously difficult even to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-03 Haik Manukian , Yan Ru Pei , Sean R. B. Bearden , Massimiliano Di Ventra

The use of generative models to sample equilibrium distributions of many-body systems, as first demonstrated by Boltzmann Generators, has attracted substantial interest due to their ability to produce unbiased and uncorrelated samples in…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-10-23 Maximilian Schebek , Frank Noé , Jutta Rogal

Generative models based on invertible transformations provide a physics-aware route to sample equilibrium configurations directly from the Boltzmann distribution, enabling efficient exploration of complex thermodynamic landscapes. Here, we…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-03-06 Luigi de Santis , John Russo , Andrea Ninarello

We present transductive Boltzmann machines (TBMs), which firstly achieve transductive learning of the Gibbs distribution. While exact learning of the Gibbs distribution is impossible by the family of existing Boltzmann machines due to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-05-22 Mahito Sugiyama , Koji Tsuda , Hiroyuki Nakahara

Flow-based generative models have been employed for sampling the Boltzmann distribution, but their application to high-dimensional systems is hindered by the significant computational cost of obtaining the Jacobian of the flow. To overcome…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-07-30 Xin Peng , Ang Gao

Machine learning systems operate under the assumption that training and test data are sampled from a fixed probability distribution. However, this assumptions is rarely verified in practice, as the conditions upon which data was acquired…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Eduardo Fernandes Montesuma , Fred Maurice Ngolè Mboula , Antoine Souloumiac

Training generative models to sample from unnormalized density functions is an important and challenging task in machine learning. Traditional training methods often rely on the reverse Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence due to its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Jiajun He , Wenlin Chen , Mingtian Zhang , David Barber , José Miguel Hernández-Lobato

Sampling molecular conformations from the Boltzmann distribution is essential for computational chemistry, but iterative diffusion methods are prohibitively slow. Drifting Models offer one-step generation, yet their equilibrium matches the…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2026-03-09 Pipi Hu

Molecular graph generation (MGG) is essentially a multi-class generative task, aimed at predicting categories of atoms and bonds under strict chemical and structural constraints. However, many prevailing diffusion paradigms learn to regress…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Yida Xiong , Jiameng Chen , Kun Li , Hongzhi Zhang , Xiantao Cai , Jia Wu , Wenbin Hu

Our method proposes the efficient generation of samples from an unnormalized Boltzmann density by solving the underlying continuity equation in the low-rank tensor train (TT) format. It is based on the annealing path commonly used in MCMC…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Paul Hagemann , Janina Schütte , David Sommer , Martin Eigel , Gabriele Steidl

Sampling configurations at thermodynamic equilibrium is a central challenge in statistical physics. Boltzmann Generators (BGs) tackle it by combining a generative model with a Monte Carlo (MC) correction step to obtain asymptotically…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-01-30 Louis Grenioux , Maxence Noble

The late-time dynamics of quantum many-body systems is organized in distinct dynamical universality classes, characterized by their conservation laws and thus by their emergent hydrodynamic transport. Here, we study transport in the…

Quantum Gases · Physics 2022-08-30 Philip Zechmann , Alvise Bastianello , Michael Knap
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