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Transformers are a type of neural network that have demonstrated remarkable performance across various domains, particularly in natural language processing tasks. Motivated by this success, research on the theoretical understanding of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Naoki Takeshita , Masaaki Imaizumi

Recent work in learning ontologies (hierarchical and partially-ordered structures) has leveraged the intrinsic geometry of spaces of learned representations to make predictions that automatically obey complex structural constraints. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-08-03 Xiang Li , Luke Vilnis , Andrew McCallum

A significant effort has been made to train neural networks that replicate algorithmic reasoning, but they often fail to learn the abstract concepts underlying these algorithms. This is evidenced by their inability to generalize to data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-26 Yujun Yan , Kevin Swersky , Danai Koutra , Parthasarathy Ranganathan , Milad Hashemi

Position modeling plays a critical role in Transformers. In this paper, we focus on length extrapolation, i.e., training on short texts while evaluating longer sequences. We define attention resolution as an indicator of extrapolation. Then…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-21 Yutao Sun , Li Dong , Barun Patra , Shuming Ma , Shaohan Huang , Alon Benhaim , Vishrav Chaudhary , Xia Song , Furu Wei

The capacity of neural networks like the widely adopted transformer is known to be very high. Evidence is emerging that they learn successfully due to inductive bias in the training routine, typically a variant of gradient descent (GD). To…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-09 William Merrill , Vivek Ramanujan , Yoav Goldberg , Roy Schwartz , Noah Smith

Continual learning is often motivated by the idea, known as the big world hypothesis, that "the world is bigger" than the agent. Recent problem formulations capture this idea by explicitly constraining an agent relative to the environment.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Alex Lewandowski , Adtiya A. Ramesh , Edan Meyer , Dale Schuurmans , Marlos C. Machado

Despite their central role in the success of foundational models and large-scale language modeling, the theoretical foundations governing the operation of Transformers remain only partially understood. Contemporary research has largely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Sagar Ghosh , Kushal Bose , Swagatam Das

The geometric evolution of token representations in large language models (LLMs) presents a fundamental paradox: while human language inherently organizes semantic information in low-dimensional spaces ($\sim 10^1$ dimensions), modern LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Zhuo-Yang Song , Zeyu Li , Qing-Hong Cao , Ming-xing Luo , Hua Xing Zhu

Deep neural networks have been successful in many reinforcement learning settings. However, compared to human learners they are overly data hungry. To build a sample-efficient world model, we apply a transformer to real-world episodes in an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-14 Jan Robine , Marc Höftmann , Tobias Uelwer , Stefan Harmeling

Network-structured data becomes ubiquitous in daily life and is growing at a rapid pace. It presents great challenges to feature engineering due to the high non-linearity and sparsity of the data. The local and global structure of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-31 Xin Sun , Zenghui Song , Yongbo Yu , Junyu Dong , Claudia Plant , Christian Boehm

Models for image representation learning are typically designed for either recognition or generation. Various forms of contrastive learning help models learn to convert images to embeddings that are useful for classification, detection, and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Matthew Gwilliam , Xiao Wang , Xuefeng Hu , Zhenheng Yang

The integration of structured hierarchical embeddings into transformer-based architectures introduces a refined approach to lexical representation, ensuring that multi-scale semantic relationships are preserved without compromising…

Representing token embeddings as probability distributions over learned manifolds allows for more flexible contextual inference, reducing representational rigidity while enhancing semantic granularity. Comparative evaluations demonstrate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Christopher Nightingale , Dominic Lavington , Jonathan Thistlethwaite , Sebastian Penhaligon , Thomas Belinski , David Boldo

Transformer architectures achieve state-of-the-art performance across a wide range of pattern recognition and natural language processing tasks, but their scaling is accompanied by substantial parameter growth and redundancy in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Alaa El Ichi , Khalide Jbilou , Mohamed El Guide , Franck Dufrenois

Understanding the inner workings of machine learning models like Transformers is vital for their safe and ethical use. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of a one-layer Transformer model trained to perform n-digit integer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-25 Philip Quirke , Fazl Barez

It has been found that Transformer-based language models have the ability to perform basic quantitative reasoning. In this paper, we propose a method for studying how these models internally represent numerical data, and use our proposal to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-26 Ulme Wennberg , Gustav Eje Henter

Conventional word embeddings represent words with fixed vectors, which are usually trained based on co-occurrence patterns among words. In doing so, however, the power of such representations is limited, where the same word might be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-01-10 Hongming Zhang , Jiaxin Bai , Yan Song , Kun Xu , Changlong Yu , Yangqiu Song , Wilfred Ng , Dong Yu

Transformer models, which leverage architectural improvements like self-attention, perform remarkably well on Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. The self-attention mechanism is position agnostic. In order to capture positional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-28 Zhiheng Huang , Davis Liang , Peng Xu , Bing Xiang

Transformer architectures rely on explicit position encodings in order to preserve a notion of word order. In this paper, we argue that existing work does not fully utilize position information. For example, the initial proposal of a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-09-30 Zhiheng Huang , Davis Liang , Peng Xu , Bing Xiang

Token representation strategies within large-scale neural architectures often rely on contextually refined embeddings, yet conventional approaches seldom encode structured relationships explicitly within token interactions. Self-attention…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-27 James Blades , Frederick Somerfield , William Langley , Susan Everingham , Maurice Witherington