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The rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) has driven their expanding application across various fields. One of the most promising applications is their role as evaluators based on natural language responses, referred to as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Haitao Li , Qian Dong , Junjie Chen , Huixue Su , Yujia Zhou , Qingyao Ai , Ziyi Ye , Yiqun Liu

The evaluation of large language model (LLM) outputs is increasingly performed by other LLMs, a setup commonly known as "LLM-as-a-judge", or autograders. While autograders offer a scalable alternative to human evaluation, they have shown…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Magda Dubois , Harry Coppock , Mario Giulianelli , Timo Flesch , Lennart Luettgau , Cozmin Ududec

As large language models (LLMs) continue to advance, reliable evaluation methods are essential particularly for open-ended, instruction-following tasks. LLM-as-a-Judge enables automatic evaluation using LLMs as evaluators, but its…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Yusuke Yamauchi , Taro Yano , Masafumi Oyamada

Ensuring that large language models (LLMs) reflect diverse user values and preferences is crucial as their user bases expand globally. It is therefore encouraging to see the growing interest in LLM personalization within the research…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Yijiang River Dong , Tiancheng Hu , Nigel Collier

As large language models (LLMs) grow more capable, they face increasingly diverse and complex tasks, making reliable evaluation challenging. The paradigm of LLMs as judges has emerged as a scalable solution, yet prior work primarily focuses…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Weiyuan Li , Xintao Wang , Siyu Yuan , Rui Xu , Jiangjie Chen , Qingqing Dong , Yanghua Xiao , Deqing Yang

Large language models (LLMs) are being widely applied across various fields, but as tasks become more complex, evaluating their responses is increasingly challenging. Compared to human evaluators, the use of LLMs to support performance…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Yuran Li , Jama Hussein Mohamud , Chongren Sun , Di Wu , Benoit Boulet

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used to evaluate natural language generation tasks as automated metrics. However, the likelihood, a measure of LLM's plausibility for a sentence, can vary due to superficial differences in sentences,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Masanari Oi , Masahiro Kaneko , Ryuto Koike , Mengsay Loem , Naoaki Okazaki

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated promising capabilities as automatic evaluators in assessing the quality of generated natural language. However, LLMs still exhibit biases in evaluation and often struggle to generate coherent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-20 Yinhong Liu , Han Zhou , Zhijiang Guo , Ehsan Shareghi , Ivan Vulić , Anna Korhonen , Nigel Collier

Large language models (LLMs) can serve as judges that offer rapid and reliable assessments of other LLM outputs. However, models may systematically assign overly favorable ratings to their own outputs, a phenomenon known as self-bias, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Evangelia Spiliopoulou , Riccardo Fogliato , Hanna Burnsky , Tamer Soliman , Jie Ma , Graham Horwood , Miguel Ballesteros

Large language models are increasingly used as judges (LLM-as-a-judge) to evaluate model outputs at scale, but their assessments often diverge systematically from human judgments. We present Bridge, a unified statistical framework that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Felipe Maia Polo , Xinhe Wang , Mikhail Yurochkin , Gongjun Xu , Moulinath Banerjee , Yuekai Sun

Large language models (LLMs) are predominantly used as evaluators for natural language generation (NLG) tasks, but their application to broader evaluation scenarios remains limited. In this work, we explore the potential of LLMs as general…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Jie Meng , Jin Mao

Large language models (LLMs) have emerged as powerful general-purpose interfaces for many machine learning problems. Recent work has adapted LLMs to generative visual tasks like image captioning, visual question answering, and visual chat,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-28 Piotr Teterwak , Ximeng Sun , Bryan A. Plummer , Kate Saenko , Ser-Nam Lim

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable adaptability to diverse tasks, by leveraging context prompts containing instructions, or minimal input-output examples. However, recent work revealed they also exhibit label bias -- an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Yuval Reif , Roy Schwartz

Adopting human and large language models (LLM) as judges (a.k.a human- and LLM-as-a-judge) for evaluating the performance of LLMs has recently gained attention. Nonetheless, this approach concurrently introduces potential biases from human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Guiming Hardy Chen , Shunian Chen , Ziche Liu , Feng Jiang , Benyou Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are powerful tools with the potential to benefit society immensely, yet, they have demonstrated biases that perpetuate societal inequalities. Despite significant advancements in bias mitigation techniques using…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Deonna M. Owens , Ryan A. Rossi , Sungchul Kim , Tong Yu , Franck Dernoncourt , Xiang Chen , Ruiyi Zhang , Jiuxiang Gu , Hanieh Deilamsalehy , Nedim Lipka

Large language models (LLMs) are trained on huge amounts of textual data, and concerns have been raised that the limits of such data may soon be reached. A potential solution is to train on synthetic data sampled from LLMs. In this work, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Jannek Ulm , Kevin Du , Vésteinn Snæbjarnarson

Despite growing interest in using Large Language Models (LLMs) for educational assessment, it remains unclear how closely they align with human scoring. We present a systematic evaluation of instruction-tuned LLMs across three open…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Filip J. Kucia , Anirban Chakraborty , Anna Wróblewska

The growing deployment of large language models (LLMs) has amplified concerns regarding their inherent biases, raising critical questions about their fairness, safety, and societal impact. However, quantifying LLM bias remains a fundamental…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Alireza Arbabi , Florian Kerschbaum

As large language models take on growing roles as automated evaluators in practical settings, a critical question arises: Can individuals persuade an LLM judge to assign unfairly high scores? This study is the first to reveal that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Yerin Hwang , Dongryeol Lee , Taegwan Kang , Yongil Kim , Kyomin Jung

Large Language Models are increasingly used as judges to evaluate code artifacts when exhaustive human review or executable test coverage is unavailable. LLM-judge is increasingly relevant in agentic software engineering workflows, where it…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Zixiao Zhao , Amirreza Esmaeili , Fatemeh Fard