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In recent years, large language models (LLMs), such as GPTs, have attained great impact worldwide. However, how to adapt these LLMs to better suit the vertical domain-specific tasks by utilizing external knowledge remains not completely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-03 Peng Fu , Yiming Zhang , Haobo Wang , Weikang Qiu , Junbo Zhao

Instruction-tuned Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at many tasks and will even explain their reasoning, so-called self-explanations. However, convincing and wrong self-explanations can lead to unsupported confidence in LLMs, thus…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-20 Andreas Madsen , Sarath Chandar , Siva Reddy

Large language models (LLMs) acquire vast knowledge from large text corpora, but this information can become outdated or inaccurate. Since retraining is computationally expensive, knowledge editing offers an efficient alternative --…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Amir Mohammad Salehoof , Ali Ramezani , Yadollah Yaghoobzadeh , Majid Nili Ahmadabadi

Large language models (LLMs) often require vast amounts of text to effectively acquire new knowledge. While continuing pre-training on large corpora or employing retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has proven successful, updating an LLM…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Hugo Abonizio , Thales Almeida , Roberto Lotufo , Rodrigo Nogueira

Large language models (LLMs) inevitably encode outdated or incorrect knowledge. Updating, deleting, and forgetting such knowledge is important for alignment, safety, and other issues. To address this issue, model editing has emerged as a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Wei Liu , Haomei Xu , Bingqing Liu , Zhiying Deng , Haozhao Wang , Jun Wang , Ruixuan Li , Yee Whye Teh , Wee Sun Lee

The model editing problem concerns how language models should learn new facts about the world over time. While empirical research on model editing has drawn widespread attention, the conceptual foundations of model editing remain shaky --…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Peter Hase , Thomas Hofweber , Xiang Zhou , Elias Stengel-Eskin , Mohit Bansal

Despite their success at many natural language processing (NLP) tasks, large language models still struggle to effectively leverage knowledge for knowledge-intensive tasks, manifesting limitations such as generating incomplete, non-factual,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Yougang Lyu , Lingyong Yan , Shuaiqiang Wang , Haibo Shi , Dawei Yin , Pengjie Ren , Zhumin Chen , Maarten de Rijke , Zhaochun Ren

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown extraordinary capabilities in understanding and generating text that closely mirrors human communication. However, a primary limitation lies in the significant computational demands during training,…

Large Language Models (LLMs) struggle with dynamic knowledge updates, especially when new information conflicts with deeply embedded facts. Such conflicting factual edits often lead to two critical issues: resistance to adopting the new…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Stanley Ngugi

Large language models (LLMs) often produce unsupported or unverifiable content, known as "hallucinations." To mitigate this, retrieval-augmented LLMs incorporate citations, grounding the content in verifiable sources. Despite such…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-08-26 Weijia Zhang , Mohammad Aliannejadi , Yifei Yuan , Jiahuan Pei , Jia-Hong Huang , Evangelos Kanoulas

A key assumption fuelling optimism about the progress of large language models (LLMs) in accurately and comprehensively modelling the world is that the truth is systematic: true statements about the world form a whole that is not just…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Matthieu Queloz

This work presents a framework for assessing whether large language models (LLMs) encode more factual knowledge in their parameters than what they express in their outputs. While a few studies hint at this possibility, none has clearly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Zorik Gekhman , Eyal Ben David , Hadas Orgad , Eran Ofek , Yonatan Belinkov , Idan Szpektor , Jonathan Herzig , Roi Reichart

As the cost associated with fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs) continues to rise, recent research efforts have pivoted towards developing methodologies to edit implicit knowledge embedded within LLMs. Yet, there's still a dark cloud…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Zhoubo Li , Ningyu Zhang , Yunzhi Yao , Mengru Wang , Xi Chen , Huajun Chen

Knowledge editing aims to update the embedded knowledge within Large Language Models (LLMs). However, existing approaches, whether through parameter modification or external memory integration, often suffer from inconsistent evaluation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Guoxiu He , Xin Song , Futing Wang , Aixin Sun

Large language models (LLMs) often hallucinate, yet most existing fact-checking methods treat factuality evaluation as a binary classification problem, offering limited interpretability and failing to capture fine-grained error types. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Yuzhuo Bai , Shuzheng Si , Kangyang Luo , Qingyi Wang , Wenhao Li , Gang Chen , Fanchao Qi , Maosong Sun

Large language models (LLMs) encapsulate vast amounts of knowledge but still remain vulnerable to external misinformation. Existing research mainly studied this susceptibility behavior in a single-turn setting. However, belief can change…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Rongwu Xu , Brian S. Lin , Shujian Yang , Tianqi Zhang , Weiyan Shi , Tianwei Zhang , Zhixuan Fang , Wei Xu , Han Qiu

Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) are trained on vast unlabeled data, rich in world knowledge. This fact has sparked the interest of the community in quantifying the amount of factual knowledge present in PLMs, as this explains their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-06 Paul Youssef , Osman Alperen Koraş , Meijie Li , Jörg Schlötterer , Christin Seifert

Large Language Models (LLMs) require continuous updates to maintain accurate and current knowledge as the world evolves. While existing knowledge editing approaches offer various solutions for knowledge updating, they often struggle with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Zichuan Fu , Xian Wu , Guojing Li , Yingying Zhang , Yefeng Zheng , Tianshi Ming , Yejing Wang , Wanyu Wang , Xiangyu Zhao

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) have significantly enhanced their capabilities in complex problem-solving by introducing a thinking draft that enables multi-path Chain-of-Thought explorations before producing final answers. Ensuring the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Zidi Xiong , Shan Chen , Zhenting Qi , Himabindu Lakkaraju

Large Language Models (LLMs) usually suffer from knowledge cutoff or fallacy issues, which means they are unaware of unseen events or generate text with incorrect facts owing to outdated/noisy data. To this end, many knowledge editing…