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The Free-Energy-Principle (FEP) is an influential and controversial theory which postulates a deep and powerful connection between the stochastic thermodynamics of self-organization and learning through variational inference. Specifically,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-10-05 Beren Millidge , Anil Seth , Christopher L Buckley

The free energy principle (FEP) is a mathematical framework that describes how biological systems self-organize and survive in their environment. This principle provides insights on multiple scales, from high-level behavioral and cognitive…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2021-03-24 David Kappel , Christian Tetzlaff

The Free Energy Principle (FEP) states that under suitable conditions of weak coupling, random dynamical systems with sufficient degrees of freedom will behave so as to minimize an upper bound, formalized as a variational free energy, on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-21 Chris Fields , Karl Friston , James F. Glazebrook , Michael Levin

In this paper we show how The Free Energy Principle (FEP) can provide an explanation for why real-world networks deviate from scale-free behaviour, and how these characteristic deviations can emerge from constraints on information…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Peter R Williams , Zhan Chen

We discuss an approach to mathematically modelling systems made of objects that are coupled together, using generative models of the dependence relationships between states (or trajectories) of the things comprising such systems. This broad…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-01-28 Karl J Friston , Maxwell J D Ramstead , Dalton A R Sakthivadivel

The free energy principle (FEP), as an encompassing framework and a unified brain theory, has been widely applied to account for various problems in fields such as cognitive science, neuroscience, social interaction, and hermeneutics. As a…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Jingwei Liu

The Free-Energy Principle (FEP) [1-3] has been adopted in a variety of ambitious proposals that aim to characterize all adaptive, sentient, and cognitive systems within a unifying framework. Judging by the amount of attention it has…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2024-01-18 Zahra Sheikhbahaee , Adam Safron , Casper Hesp , Guillaume Dumas

We introduce the Free Energy Manifold (FEM), a score-trained conditional energy model specialized for inference in hybrid Bayesian networks with discrete and continuous variables. FEM represents each conditional factor as an energy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Cheol Young Park , Shou Matsumoto

The free energy principle (FEP) states that any dynamical system can be interpreted as performing Bayesian inference upon its surrounding environment. In this work, we examine in depth the assumptions required to derive the FEP in the…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2022-05-23 Miguel Aguilera , Beren Millidge , Alexander Tschantz , Christopher L. Buckley

The Targeted Free Energy Perturbation (TFEP) method aims to overcome the time-consuming and computer-intensive stratification process of standard methods for estimating the free energy difference between two states. To achieve this, TFEP…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2023-02-24 Soo Jung Lee , Amr H. Mahmoud , Markus A. Lill

Minimization of energy in gradient systems leads to formation of oscillatory and Turing patterns in reaction-diffusion systems. These patterns should be accurately computed using fine space and time meshes over long time horizons to reach…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2018-11-28 Tuğba Akman Yıldız , Murat Uzunca , Bülent Karasözen

We consider multi-value expansion planning (MEP), a general bilevel optimization model in which a planner optimizes arbitrary functions of the dispatch outcome in the presence of a partially controllable, competitive electricity market. The…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-04-02 Anthony Degleris , Abbas El Gamal , Ram Rajagopal

In this PhD thesis, we explore and apply methods inspired by the free energy principle to two important areas in machine learning and neuroscience. The free energy principle is a general mathematical theory of the necessary…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-08-31 Beren Millidge

The free energy principle (FEP) from neuroscience provides a framework called active inference for the joint estimation and control of state space systems, subjected to colored noise. However, the active inference community has been…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-04-06 Ajith Anil Meera , Martijn Wisse

Self-organization is a process where order of a whole system arises out of local interactions between small components of a system. Emergy, spelled with an 'm', defined as the amount of (solar) energy used to make a product or service, is…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2019-06-26 Chams Lahlou , Laurent Truffet

The Free Energy Principle (FEP) is a theoretical framework for describing how (intelligent) systems self-organise into coherent, stable structures by minimising a free energy functional. Active Inference (AIF) is a corollary of the FEP that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Magnus Koudahl , Thijs van de Laar , Bert de Vries

Finding parameters that minimise a loss function is at the core of many machine learning methods. The Stochastic Gradient Descent algorithm is widely used and delivers state of the art results for many problems. Nonetheless, Stochastic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-26 Yao Zhang , Andrew M. Saxe , Madhu S. Advani , Alpha A. Lee

Free energy principle (FEP) is a burgeoning theory in theoretical neuroscience that provides a universal law for modelling living systems of any scale. Expecting a digital twin mind from this first principle, we propose a macro-level…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-06-10 Lingyu Li , Chunbo Li

Inference in both brains and machines can be formalized by optimizing a shared objective: maximizing the evidence lower bound (ELBO) in machine learning, or minimizing variational free energy (F) in neuroscience (ELBO = -F). While this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Hadi Vafaii , Dekel Galor , Jacob L. Yates

We introduce Graph Hopfield Networks, whose energy function couples associative memory retrieval with graph Laplacian smoothing for node classification. Gradient descent on this joint energy yields an iterative update interleaving Hopfield…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Abinav Rao , Alex Wa , Rishi Athavale
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