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In this paper, we present a novel data-free method for merging neural networks in weight space. Differently from most existing works, our method optimizes for the permutations of network neurons globally across all layers. This allows us to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Donato Crisostomi , Marco Fumero , Daniele Baieri , Florian Bernard , Emanuele Rodolà

Model merging has attracted significant attention as a powerful paradigm for model reuse, facilitating the integration of task-specific models into a singular, versatile framework endowed with multifarious capabilities. Previous studies,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Zhengqi Xu , Han Zheng , Jie Song , Li Sun , Mingli Song

In this work, we explore the limitations of combining models by averaging intermediate features, referred to as model merging, and propose a new direction for achieving collective model intelligence through what we call compatible…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Jyothish Pari , Samy Jelassi , Pulkit Agrawal

Model merging dramatically reduces storage and computational resources by combining multiple expert models into a single multi-task model. Although recent model merging methods have shown promising results, they struggle to maintain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Zijing Wang , Xingle Xu , Yongkang Liu , Yiqun Zhang , Peiqin Lin , Shi Feng , Xiaocui Yang , Daling Wang , Hinrich Schütze

Meta-learning often referred to as learning-to-learn is a promising notion raised to mimic human learning by exploiting the knowledge of prior tasks but being able to adapt quickly to novel tasks. A plethora of models has emerged in this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-17 Jicang Cai , Saeed Vahidian , Weijia Wang , Mohsen Joneidi , Bill Lin

Recent advancements in building domain-specific large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable success, especially in tasks requiring reasoning abilities like logical inference over complex relationships and multi-step problem solving.…

Future mobile devices are anticipated to perceive, understand and react to the world on their own by running multiple correlated deep neural networks on-device. Yet the complexity of these neural networks needs to be trimmed down both…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-03-14 Xiaoxi He , Zimu Zhou , Lothar Thiele

Designing neural network architectures is a challenging task and knowing which specific layers of a model must be adapted to improve the performance is almost a mystery. In this paper, we introduce a novel theory and metric to identify…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-06 David Peer , Sebastian Stabinger , Antonio Rodriguez-Sanchez

Model merging aims to integrate multiple task-adapted models into a unified model that preserves the knowledge of each task. In this paper, we identify that the key to this knowledge retention lies in maintaining the directional consistency…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Han-Chen Zhang , Zi-Hao Zhou , Mao-Lin Luo , Shimin Di , Min-Ling Zhang , Tong Wei

Fine-tuning pretrained models has become a standard pathway to achieve state-of-the-art performance across a wide range of domains, leading to a proliferation of task-specific model variants. As the number of such specialized models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Pietro Buzzega , Riccardo Salami , Angelo Porrello , Simone Calderara

The fragility of deep neural networks to adversarially-chosen inputs has motivated the need to revisit deep learning algorithms. Including adversarial examples during training is a popular defense mechanism against adversarial attacks. This…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-05-05 Jacob H. Seidman , Mahyar Fazlyab , Victor M. Preciado , George J. Pappas

Merging Large Language Models (LLMs) is a cost-effective technique for combining multiple expert LLMs into a single versatile model, retaining the expertise of the original ones. However, current approaches often overlook the importance of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Hasan Abed Al Kader Hammoud , Umberto Michieli , Fabio Pizzati , Philip Torr , Adel Bibi , Bernard Ghanem , Mete Ozay

Deep neural networks have recently achieved state of the art performance thanks to new training algorithms for rapid parameter estimation and new regularization methods to reduce overfitting. However, in practice the network architecture…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-03-04 Minyoung Kim , Luca Rigazio

Learning across domains is challenging when data cannot be centralized due to privacy or heterogeneity, which limits the ability to train a single comprehensive model. Model merging provides an appealing alternative by consolidating…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Junming Liu , Yusen Zhang , Rongchao Zhang , Wenkai Zhu , Tian Wu

Model merging aims to build a multi-task learner by combining the parameters of individually fine-tuned models without additional training. While a straightforward approach is to average model parameters across tasks, this often results in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Jiho Choi , Donggyun Kim , Chanhyuk Lee , Seunghoon Hong

Model merging combines multiple fine-tuned checkpoints into a single model without additional training, offering an attractive approach to reusing models and efficiently improving performance. However, it remains unclear whether the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Oğuz Kağan Hitit , Leander Girrbach , Zeynep Akata

Model merging aims to combine multiple task-specific expert models into a single model without joint retraining, offering a practical alternative to multi-task learning when data access or computational budget is limited. Existing methods,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Kaiyang Li , Shaobo Han , Qing Su , Shihao Ji

Learning meaningful representations using deep neural networks involves designing efficient training schemes and well-structured networks. Currently, the method of stochastic gradient descent that has a momentum with dropout is one of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-01-15 Taehoon Lee , Minsuk Choi , Sungroh Yoon

We observe that incorporating a shared layer in a mixture-of-experts can lead to performance degradation. This leads us to hypothesize that learning shared features poses challenges in deep learning, potentially caused by the same feature…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Sejik Park

Model merging combines multiple models into a single model with aggregated capabilities, making it a powerful tool for large language model (LLM) development. However, scaling model merging is challenging: performance depends on the choice…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Oliver Bolton , Aakanksha , Arash Ahmadian , Sara Hooker , Marzieh Fadaee , Beyza Ermis