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In this paper, we examine how online political micro-targeting is regulated in Europe. While there are no specific rules on such micro-targeting, there are general rules that apply. We focus on three fields of law: data protection law,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Tom Dobber , Ronan Ó Fathaigh , Frederik J. Zuiderveen Borgesius

This article discusses a problem that has received scant attention in literature: microtargeted propaganda by foreign actors. Microtargeting involves collecting information about people, and using that information to show them targeted…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Ronan Ó Fathaigh , Tom Dobber , Frederik Zuiderveen Borgesius , James Shires

The societal and epistemological implications of online targeted advertising have been scrutinized by AI ethicists, legal scholars, and policymakers alike. However, the government's use of online targeting and its consequential…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-06-05 Katja Andric , Atoosa Kasirzadeh

People who are involved with political campaigns face increased digital security threats from well-funded, sophisticated attackers, especially nation-states. Improving political campaign security is a vital part of protecting democracy. To…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-06-02 Sunny Consolvo , Patrick Gage Kelley , Tara Matthews , Kurt Thomas , Lee Dunn , Elie Bursztein

Facebook and other advertising platforms exploit users data for marketing purposes by allowing advertisers to select specific users and target them (the practice is being called micro-targeting). However, advertisers such as Cambridge…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Salim Chouaki , Islem Bouzenia , Oana Goga , Beatrice Roussillon

Detailed targeting of advertisements has long been one of the core offerings of online platforms. Unfortunately, malicious advertisers have frequently abused such targeting features, with results that range from violating civil rights laws…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Piotr Sapiezynski , Levi Kaplan , Alan Mislove , Aleksandra Korolova

There is an increasing supply and demand for political advertising throughout the world. At the same time, societal threats, such as election interference by foreign governments and other bad actors, continues to be a pressing concern in…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-11-02 Jukka Ruohonen

This PhD thesis discusses how European law could improve privacy protection in the area of behavioural targeting. Behavioural targeting, also referred to as online profiling, involves monitoring people's online behaviour, and using the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Frederik Johannes Zuiderveen Borgesius

Political advertising on social media has fundamentally reshaped democratic deliberation, playing a central role in electoral campaigns and propaganda. However, its systemic impact remains largely theoretical or unexplored, raising critical…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Arthur Capozzi

We need to rethink our approach to defend privacy on the internet. Currently, policymakers focus heavily on the idea of informed consent as a means to defend privacy. For instance, in many countries the law requires firms to obtain an…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Frederik Zuiderveen Borgesius

We need to rethink our approach to defend privacy on the internet. Currently, policymakers focus heavily on the idea of informed consent as a means to defend privacy. For instance, in many countries the law requires firms to obtain an…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Frederik Zuiderveen Borgesius

The reports of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections brought into the center of public attention concerns related to the ability of foreign actors to increase social discord and take advantage of personal user data for…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2020-04-22 Or Levi , Sardar Hamidian , Pedram Hosseini

This chapter examines the policy implications of behavioural sciences insights for the regulation of privacy on the Internet, by focusing in particular on behavioural targeting. This marketing technique involves tracking people's online…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Frederik Zuiderveen Borgesius

Recent political campaigns have demonstrated how technologies are used to boost election outcomes by microtargeting voters. We propose and analyze a framework which analyzes how political activists use technologies to target voters. Voters…

Physics and Society · Physics 2019-10-17 Moritz Hoferer , Lucas Böttcher , Hans J. Herrmann , Hans Gersbach

Behavioral targeting, or online profiling, is a hotly debated topic. Much of the collection of personal information on the Internet is related to behavioral targeting, although research suggests that most people don't want to receive…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Frederik Zuiderveen Borgesius

Propaganda campaigns aim at influencing people's mindset with the purpose of advancing a specific agenda. They exploit the anonymity of the Internet, the micro-profiling ability of social networks, and the ease of automatically creating and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-07-17 Giovanni Da San Martino , Stefano Cresci , Alberto Barron-Cedeno , Seunghak Yu , Roberto Di Pietro , Preslav Nakov

Social media, once hailed as a vehicle for democratization and the promotion of positive social change across the globe, are under attack for becoming a tool of political manipulation and spread of disinformation. A case in point is the…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2018-08-13 Adam Badawy , Kristina Lerman , Emilio Ferrara

Following the 2016 US presidential election, there has been an increased focus on politically-motivated manipulation of mass-user behavior on social media platforms. Since a large volume of political discussion occurs on these platforms,…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2020-08-10 Hunter Scott Heidenreich , Munif Ishad Mujib , Jake Ryland Williams

Consumers value keeping some information about them private from potential marketers. E-commerce dramatically increases the potential for marketers to accumulate otherwise private information about potential customers. Online marketers…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Michael R. Ward , Yu-Ching Chen

Today, our more-than-ever digital lives leave significant footprints in cyberspace. Large scale collections of these socially generated footprints, often known as big data, could help us to re-investigate different aspects of our social…

Physics and Society · Physics 2023-01-05 Taha Yasseri , Jonathan Bright
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