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Topological mapping offers a compact and robust representation for navigation, but progress in the field is hindered by the lack of standardized evaluation metrics, datasets, and protocols. Existing systems are assessed using different…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Jiaming Wang , Diwen Liu , Jizhuo Chen , Harold Soh

Word embedding models offer continuous vector representations that can capture rich contextual semantics based on their word co-occurrence patterns. While these word vectors can provide very effective features used in many NLP tasks such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-02-27 Cem Safak Sahin , Rajmonda S. Caceres , Brandon Oselio , William M. Campbell

Many machine learning systems today are trained on large amounts of human-annotated data. Data annotation tasks that require a high level of competency make data acquisition expensive, while the resulting labels are often subjective,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-08 Emmanouil Antonios Platanios , Maruan Al-Shedivat , Eric Xing , Tom Mitchell

We propose incorporating human labelers in a model fine-tuning system that provides immediate user feedback. In our framework, human labelers can interactively query model predictions on unlabeled data, choose which data to label, and see…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2019-11-18 Caleb Robinson , Anthony Ortiz , Kolya Malkin , Blake Elias , Andi Peng , Dan Morris , Bistra Dilkina , Nebojsa Jojic

Ambiguity is an critical component of language that allows for more effective communication between speakers, but is often ignored in NLP. Recent work suggests that NLP systems may struggle to grasp certain elements of human language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-22 Margaret Y. Li , Alisa Liu , Zhaofeng Wu , Noah A. Smith

There is growing recognition that many NLP tasks lack a single ground truth, as human judgments reflect diverse perspectives. To capture this variation, models have been developed to predict full annotation distributions rather than…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Frances Yung , Daniil Ignatev , Merel Scholman , Vera Demberg , Massimo Poesio

Ambiguity in natural language is a significant obstacle for achieving accurate text to structured data mapping through large language models (LLMs), which affects the performance of tasks such as mapping text to agentic tool calling and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Zhibo Hu , Chen Wang , Yanfeng Shu , Hye-Young Paik , Liming Zhu

Mapper and Ball Mapper are Topological Data Analysis tools used for exploring high dimensional point clouds and visualizing scalar-valued functions on those point clouds. Inspired by open questions in knot theory, new features are added to…

Algebraic Topology · Mathematics 2023-03-29 Paweł Dłotko , Davide Gurnari , Radmila Sazdanovic

With the increasing use of black-box Machine Learning (ML) techniques in critical applications, there is a growing demand for methods that can provide transparency and accountability for model predictions. As a result, a large number of…

The impressive capabilities of recent generative models to create texts that are challenging to distinguish from the human-written ones can be misused for generating fake news, product reviews, and even abusive content. Despite the…

Building an accurate computer-aided diagnosis system based on data-driven approaches requires a large amount of high-quality labeled data. In medical imaging analysis, multiple expert annotators often produce subjective estimates about…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-22 Khiem H. Le , Tuan V. Tran , Hieu H. Pham , Hieu T. Nguyen , Tung T. Le , Ha Q. Nguyen

Supervised machine learning assumes that labeled data provide accurate measurements of the concepts models are meant to learn. Yet in practice, human labeling introduces systematic variation arising from ambiguous items, divergent…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-10 Robert Chew , Stephanie Eckman , Christoph Kern , Frauke Kreuter

Deep learning-based object detectors have achieved impressive performance in microscopy imaging, yet their confidence estimates often lack calibration, limiting their reliability for biomedical applications. In this work, we introduce a new…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Francesco Campi , Lucrezia Tondo , Ekin Karabati , Johannes Betge , Marie Piraud

Despite an ever-increasing interest in topological deep learning models that target higher-order datasets, there is no consensus on how to evaluate such models. This is exacerbated by the fact that topological objects permit operations,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Johannes S. Schmidt , Martin Carrasco , Ernst Röell , Guy Wolf , Nello Blaser , Bastian Rieck

Text embeddings are a fundamental component in many NLP tasks, including classification, regression, clustering, and semantic search. However, despite their ubiquitous application, challenges persist in interpreting embeddings and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Juri Opitz , Lucas Möller , Andrianos Michail , Sebastian Padó , Simon Clematide

Language models have recently achieved strong performance across a wide range of NLP benchmarks. However, unlike benchmarks, real world tasks are often poorly specified, and agents must deduce the user's intended behavior from a combination…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-22 Alex Tamkin , Kunal Handa , Avash Shrestha , Noah Goodman

Majority voting and averaging are common approaches employed to resolve annotator disagreements and derive single ground truth labels from multiple annotations. However, annotators may systematically disagree with one another, often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-13 Aida Mostafazadeh Davani , Mark Díaz , Vinodkumar Prabhakaran

The extraction of multi-attribute objects from the deep web is the bridge between the unstructured web and structured data. Existing approaches either induce wrappers from a set of human-annotated pages or leverage repeated structures on…

Databases · Computer Science 2012-10-23 Tim Furche , Georg Gottlob , Giovanni Grasso , Giorgio Orsi , Christian Schallhart , Cheng Wang

This position paper argues that annotation disagreement in Natural Language Inference (NLI) is not mere noise but often reflects meaningful variation, especially when triggered by ambiguity in the premise or hypothesis. While underspecified…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Chathuri Jayaweera , Bonnie J. Dorr

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used to meet user information needs, but their effectiveness in dealing with user queries that contain various types of ambiguity remains unknown, ultimately risking user trust and satisfaction.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Tong Zhang , Peixin Qin , Yang Deng , Chen Huang , Wenqiang Lei , Junhong Liu , Dingnan Jin , Hongru Liang , Tat-Seng Chua