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Learning a set of tasks over time, also known as continual learning (CL), is one of the most challenging problems in artificial intelligence due to catastrophic forgetting. Large language models (LLMs) are often impractical to frequent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Jaya Krishna Mandivarapu

Many real-world applications collect data in a streaming environment, where learning tasks are encountered sequentially. This necessitates continual learning (CL) to update models online, enabling adaptation to new tasks while preserving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Yu-Yang Qian , Yuan-Ze Xu , Zhen-Yu Zhang , Peng Zhao , Zhi-Hua Zhou

Learning continuously during all model lifetime is fundamental to deploy machine learning solutions robust to drifts in the data distribution. Advances in Continual Learning (CL) with recurrent neural networks could pave the way to a large…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-03 Andrea Cossu , Antonio Carta , Vincenzo Lomonaco , Davide Bacciu

In many real-world scenarios, data to train machine learning models becomes available over time. Unfortunately, these models struggle to continually learn new concepts without forgetting what has been learnt in the past. This phenomenon is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-16 Beyza Ermis , Giovanni Zappella , Martin Wistuba , Aditya Rawal , Cedric Archambeau

Modern AI models are typically trained on static datasets, limiting their ability to continuously adapt to rapidly evolving real-world environments. While continual learning (CL) addresses this limitation, most CL methods are designed for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Gyutae Oh , Jitae Shin

Deep neural networks are susceptible to catastrophic forgetting when trained on sequential tasks. Various continual learning (CL) methods often rely on exemplar buffers or/and network expansion for balancing model stability and plasticity,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-18 Depeng Li , Tianqi Wang , Junwei Chen , Qining Ren , Kenji Kawaguchi , Zhigang Zeng

Continual Learning (CL) aims to learn from a non-stationary data stream where the underlying distribution changes over time. While recent advances have produced efficient memory-free methods in the offline CL (offCL) setting, where tasks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Nicolas Michel , Maorong Wang , Jiangpeng He , Toshihiko Yamasaki

Continual learning (CL) refers to the ability to continually learn over time by accommodating new knowledge while retaining previously learned experience. While this concept is inherent in human learning, current machine learning methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-15 Anna Vettoruzzo , Joaquin Vanschoren , Mohamed-Rafik Bouguelia , Thorsteinn Rögnvaldsson

Flow matching is a recent framework to train generative models that exhibits impressive empirical performance while being relatively easier to train compared with diffusion-based models. Despite its advantageous properties, prior methods…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-18 Quan Dao , Hao Phung , Binh Nguyen , Anh Tran

Prompt-tuning methods for Continual Learning (CL) freeze a large pre-trained model and train a few parameter vectors termed prompts. Most of these methods organize these vectors in a pool of key-value pairs and use the input image as query…

Federated learning (FL) has been proposed to enable distributed learning on Artificial Intelligence Internet of Things (AIoT) devices with guarantees of high-level data privacy. Since random initial models in FL can easily result in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-06 Pengyu Zhang , Yingbo Zhou , Ming Hu , Xian Wei , Mingsong Chen

Federated Learning (FL) is a privacy-focused machine learning paradigm that collaboratively trains models directly on edge devices. Simulation plays an essential role in FL adoption, helping develop novel aggregation and client sampling…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Lorenzo Sani , Pedro Porto Buarque de Gusmão , Alex Iacob , Wanru Zhao , Xinchi Qiu , Yan Gao , Javier Fernandez-Marques , Nicholas Donald Lane

In this paper, we focus on a long-term continual learning (CL) task, where a model learns sequentially from a stream of vast tasks over time, acquiring new knowledge while retaining previously learned information in a manner akin to human…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Tianyu Huai , Jie Zhou , Yuxuan Cai , Qin Chen , Wen Wu , Xingjiao Wu , Xipeng Qiu , Liang He

Continual learning (CL) aims to train models sequentially over multiple domains without forgetting previously learned knowledge. However, existing CL methods optimize for in-domain performance and are therefore prone to learning spurious,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Pascal Janetzky , Tobias Schlagenhauf , Stefan Feuerriegel

Online continual learning (CL) studies the problem of learning continuously from a single-pass data stream while adapting to new data and mitigating catastrophic forgetting. Recently, by storing a small subset of old data, replay-based…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-02 Yujie Wei , Jiaxin Ye , Zhizhong Huang , Junping Zhang , Hongming Shan

Continual learning (CL) enables animals to learn new tasks without erasing prior knowledge. CL in artificial neural networks (NNs) is challenging due to catastrophic forgetting, where new learning degrades performance on older tasks. While…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Haozhe Shan , Qianyi Li , Haim Sompolinsky

A persistent structural weakness in deep clustering is the disconnect between feature learning and cluster assignment. Most architectures invoke an external clustering step, typically k-means, to produce pseudo-labels that guide training,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Giansalvo Cirrincione

Diffusion models can learn rich representations during data generation, showing potential for Self-Supervised Learning (SSL), but they face a trade-off between generative quality and discriminative performance. Their iterative sampling also…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Kosuke Ukita , Tsuyoshi Okita

We unveil that internal representations in large language models (LLMs) serve as reliable proxies of learned knowledge, and propose RECALL, a novel representation-aware model merging framework for continual learning without access to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Bowen Wang , Haiyuan Wan , Liwen Shi , Chen Yang , Peng He , Yue Ma , Haochen Han , Wenhao Li , Tiao Tan , Yongjian Li , Fangming Liu , Yifan Gong , Sheng Zhang

Deep neural networks trained with backpropagation have achieved outstanding performance in vision tasks but remain biologically implausible, computationally demanding, and difficult to interpret. The Forward-Forward (FF) algorithm offers a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Jie-En Yao , Hong-En Chen , C. -C. Jay Kuo