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Post-training quantization (PTQ) of large language models (LLMs) to extremely low bit-widths remains challenging due to the fundamental trade-off between computational efficiency and representational capacity. While existing ultra-low-bit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-05 He Xiao , Runming Yang , Qingyao Yang , Wendong Xu , Zhen Li , Yupeng Su , Zhengwu Liu , Hongxia Yang , Ngai Wong

As large language models (LLMs) continue to grow in size and complexity, efficient checkpoint saving\&loading has become crucial for managing storage, memory usage, and fault tolerance in LLM training. The current works do not…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Yanxin Peng , Qingping Li , Baodong Wu , Shigang Li , Guohao Dai , Shengen Yan , Yu Wang

Pretrained large language models (LLMs) exhibit exceptional general language processing capabilities but come with significant demands on memory and computational resources. As a powerful compression technology, binarization can extremely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Wei Huang , Yangdong Liu , Haotong Qin , Ying Li , Shiming Zhang , Xianglong Liu , Michele Magno , Xiaojuan Qi

As inference on Large Language Models (LLMs) emerges as an important workload in machine learning applications, weight quantization has become a standard technique for efficient GPU deployment. Quantization not only reduces model size, but…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-22 Elias Frantar , Roberto L. Castro , Jiale Chen , Torsten Hoefler , Dan Alistarh

Language Models (LLMs) are often quantized to lower precision to reduce the memory cost and latency in inference. However, quantization often degrades model performance, thus fine-tuning is required for various down-stream tasks.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Jiajun Zhou , Yifan Yang , Kai Zhen , Ziyue Liu , Yequan Zhao , Ershad Banijamali , Athanasios Mouchtaris , Ngai Wong , Zheng Zhang

Quantization is a powerful tool to improve large language model (LLM) inference efficiency by utilizing more energy-efficient low-precision datapaths and reducing memory footprint. However, accurately quantizing LLM weights and activations…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Coleman Hooper , Charbel Sakr , Ben Keller , Rangharajan Venkatesan , Kurt Keutzer , Sophia Shao , Brucek Khailany

Quantization has emerged as a mainstream method for compressing Large Language Models (LLMs), reducing memory requirements and accelerating inference without architectural modifications. While existing research primarily focuses on…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Sen Fang , Weiyuan Ding , Antonio Mastropaolo , Bowen Xu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized many areas of artificial intelligence (AI), but their substantial resource requirements limit their deployment on mobile and edge devices. This survey paper provides a comprehensive overview…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Sanjay Surendranath Girija , Shashank Kapoor , Lakshit Arora , Dipen Pradhan , Aman Raj , Ankit Shetgaonkar

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable performance in various domains, but they are constrained by massive computational and storage costs. Quantization, an effective technique for compressing models to fit resource-limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Han Liu , Haotian Gao , Xiaotong Zhang , Changya Li , Feng Zhang , Wei Wang , Fenglong Ma , Hong Yu

Quantization leverages lower-precision weights to reduce the memory usage of large language models (LLMs) and is a key technique for enabling their deployment on commodity hardware. While LLM quantization's impact on utility has been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Kazuki Egashira , Mark Vero , Robin Staab , Jingxuan He , Martin Vechev

In recent years, the compression of large language models (LLMs) has emerged as a key problem in facilitating LLM deployment on resource-limited devices, reducing compute costs, and mitigating the environmental footprint due to large-scale…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Sean I. Young

The high memory demands of the Key-Value (KV) Cache during the inference of Large Language Models (LLMs) severely restrict their deployment in resource-constrained platforms. Quantization can effectively alleviate the memory pressure caused…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Fei Li , Song Liu , Weiguo Wu , Shiqiang Nie , Jinyu Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have greatly advanced the natural language processing paradigm. However, the high computational load and huge model sizes pose a grand challenge for deployment on edge devices. To this end, we propose APTQ…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-17 Ziyi Guan , Hantao Huang , Yupeng Su , Hong Huang , Ngai Wong , Hao Yu

Despite the growing prevalence of large language model (LLM) architectures, a crucial concern persists regarding their energy and power consumption, which still lags far behind the remarkable energy efficiency of the human brain. Recent…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Malyaban Bal , Yi Jiang , Abhronil Sengupta

Quantization is a widely used technique to compress neural networks. Assigning uniform bit-widths across all layers can result in significant accuracy degradation at low precision and inefficiency at high precision. Mixed-precision…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Zihao Deng , Sayeh Sharify , Xin Wang , Michael Orshansky

To enable broader deployment of Large Language Models (LLMs), it is essential to identify the best-performing model under strict memory constraints. We present AMQ, Automated Mixed-Precision Weight-Only Quantization, a framework that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Sangjun Lee , Seung-taek Woo , Jungyu Jin , Changhun Lee , Eunhyeok Park

Post-training weight quantization is crucial for reducing the memory and inference cost of large language models (LLMs), yet pushing the average precision below 4 bits remains challenging due to highly non-uniform weight sensitivity and the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Xinlin Li , Timothy Chou , Josh Fromm , Zichang Liu , Yunjie Pan , Christina Fragouli

With the rapid growth in the use of fine-tuning for large language models (LLMs), optimizing fine-tuning while keeping inference efficient has become highly important. However, this is a challenging task as it requires improvements in all…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Changhun Lee , Jun-gyu Jin , Younghyun Cho , Eunhyeok Park

Accurately quantifying uncertainty in large language models (LLMs) is crucial for their reliable deployment, especially in high-stakes applications. Current state-of-the-art methods for measuring semantic uncertainty in LLMs rely on strict…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Yashvir S. Grewal , Edwin V. Bonilla , Thang D. Bui

Dynamic runtime latency and memory constraints necessitate flexible large language model (LLM) deployment, where an LLM can be inferred with various quantization precisions based on available computational resources. Recent work on such…

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