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eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) aims at providing understandable explanations of black box models. In this paper, we evaluate current XAI methods by scoring them based on ground truth simulations and sensitivity analysis. To this…

Rule-based models offer a human-understandable representation, i.e. they are interpretable. For this reason, they are used to explain the decisions of non-interpretable complex models, referred to as black box models. The generation of such…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Michał Kozielski , Marek Sikora , Łukasz Wawrowski

Mistakes in AI systems are inevitable, arising from both technical limitations and sociotechnical gaps. While black-boxing AI systems can make the user experience seamless, hiding the seams risks disempowering users to mitigate fallouts…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-03-07 Upol Ehsan , Q. Vera Liao , Samir Passi , Mark O. Riedl , Hal Daume

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) addresses the growing need for transparency and interpretability in AI systems, enabling trust and accountability in decision-making processes. This book offers a comprehensive guide to XAI,…

Language Models (LMs) have significantly advanced natural language processing and enabled remarkable progress across diverse domains, yet their black-box nature raises critical concerns about the interpretability of their internal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Avash Palikhe , Zichong Wang , Zhipeng Yin , Rui Guo , Qiang Duan , Jie Yang , Wenbin Zhang

Black-box nature of Artificial Intelligence (AI) models do not allow users to comprehend and sometimes trust the output created by such model. In AI applications, where not only the results but also the decision paths to the results are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Ibrahim Kok , Feyza Yildirim Okay , Ozgecan Muyanli , Suat Ozdemir

This paper develops a surrogate model refinement approach for the simulation of dynamical systems and the solution of optimization problems governed by dynamical systems in which surrogates replace expensive-to-compute state- and…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-08 Jonathan R. Cangelosi , Matthias Heinkenschloss

Artificial Intelligence (AI) shows promising applications for the perception and planning tasks in autonomous driving (AD) due to its superior performance compared to conventional methods. However, inscrutable AI systems exacerbate the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Anton Kuznietsov , Balint Gyevnar , Cheng Wang , Steven Peters , Stefano V. Albrecht

Agent-based simulators provide granular representations of complex intelligent systems by directly modelling the interactions of the system's constituent agents. Their high-fidelity nature enables hyper-local policy evaluation and testing…

EXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) aims to help users to grasp the reasoning behind the predictions of an Artificial Intelligence (AI) system. Many XAI approaches have emerged in recent years. Consequently, a subfield related to the…

EXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is a vibrant research topic in the artificial intelligence community, with growing interest across methods and domains. Much has been written about the subject, yet XAI still lacks shared…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Matteo Rizzo , Alberto Veneri , Andrea Albarelli , Claudio Lucchese , Marco Nobile , Cristina Conati

Performing reliability analysis on complex systems is often computationally expensive. In particular, when dealing with systems having high input dimensionality, reliability estimation becomes a daunting task. A popular approach to overcome…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-12-22 Navaneeth N. , Souvik Chakraborty

Explainable AI (XAI) holds significant promise for enhancing the transparency and trustworthiness of AI-driven threat detection in Security Operations Centers (SOCs). However, identifying the appropriate level and format of explanation,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Nidhi Rastogi , Shirid Pant , Devang Dhanuka , Amulya Saxena , Pranjal Mairal

We consider the problem of providing users of deep Reinforcement Learning (RL) based systems with a better understanding of when their output can be trusted. We offer an explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) framework that provides a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-06-08 Jeff Druce , Michael Harradon , James Tittle

The implementation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems in the manufacturing domain enables higher production efficiency, outstanding performance, and safer operations, leveraging powerful tools such as deep learning and reinforcement…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-07-07 Georgios Sofianidis , Jože M. Rožanec , Dunja Mladenić , Dimosthenis Kyriazis

Last years have been characterized by an upsurge of opaque automatic decision support systems, such as Deep Neural Networks (DNNs). Although they have great generalization and prediction skills, their functioning does not allow obtaining…

Many ML models are opaque to humans, producing decisions too complex for humans to easily understand. In response, explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) tools that analyze the inner workings of a model have been created. Despite these…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-06-17 Kiana Alikhademi , Brianna Richardson , Emma Drobina , Juan E. Gilbert

XAI refers to the techniques and methods for building AI applications which assist end users to interpret output and predictions of AI models. Black box AI applications in high-stakes decision-making situations, such as medical domain have…

The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) models in real-world and high-risk applications has intensified the discussion about their trustworthiness and ethical usage, from both a technical and a legislative perspective. The field of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Ilaria Vascotto , Alex Rodriguez , Alessandro Bonaita , Luca Bortolussi

Algorithmic solutions have significant potential to improve decision-making across various domains, from healthcare to e-commerce. However, the widespread adoption of these solutions is hindered by a critical challenge: the lack of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Zuzanna Bączek , Michał Bizoń , Aneta Pawelec , Piotr Sankowski