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In this paper, we examine the fundamental performance limits of prediction, with or without side information. More specifically, we derive generic lower bounds on the $\mathcal{L}_p$ norms of the prediction errors that are valid for any…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-07 Song Fang , Quanyan Zhu

The missing mass problem has not been solved decisively yet. Observations show that if gravity is to be modified, then the MOND theory is its excellent approximation on galactic scales. MOND suggests an adjustments of the laws of physics in…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2019-08-22 Michal Bílek , Ingo Thies , Pavel Kroupa , Benoit Famaey

Foundation models are premised on the idea that sequence prediction can uncover deeper domain understanding, much like how Kepler's predictions of planetary motion later led to the discovery of Newtonian mechanics. However, evaluating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Keyon Vafa , Peter G. Chang , Ashesh Rambachan , Sendhil Mullainathan

Observations of galaxies suggest a one-to-one analytic relation between the inferred gravity of dark matter at any radius and the enclosed baryonic mass, a relation summarized by Milgrom's law of modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND). However,…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-13 Jean-Philippe Bruneton , Stefano Liberati , Lorenzo Sindoni , Benoit Famaey

I show that Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) is equivalent to assuming an isothermal dark matter density profile, with its density related to the enclosed total baryonic mass. This density profile can be deduced by physical laws if a dark…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-17 Man Ho Chan

A specific modification of Newtonian dynamics known as MOND has been shown to reproduce the dynamics of most astrophysical systems at different scales without invoking non-baryonic dark matter (DM). There is, however, a long-standing…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2022-11-09 M. Lopez-Corredoira , J. E. Betancort-Rijo , R. Scarpa , Z. Chrobakova

Clusters of galaxies offer a robust test bed for probing the nature of dark matter that is insensitive to the assumption of the gravity theories. Both Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) and General Relativity (GR) would require similar…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-13 Priyamvada Natarajan , Hongsheng Zhao

Galaxies are the basic structural element of the universe; galaxy formation theory seeks to explain how these structures came to be. I trace some of the foundational ideas in galaxy formation, with emphasis on the need for non-baryonic cold…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2021-03-10 Stacy McGaugh

In this article we construct a relativistic extended metric theory of gravity, for which its weak field limit reduces to the non-relativistic MOdified Newtonian Dynamics regime of gravity. The theory is fully covariant and the way to…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2017-09-01 E. Barrientos , S. Mendoza

We employ recently published measurements of the velocity dispersions in the newly discovered dwarf satellite galaxies of Andromeda to test our previously published predictions of this quantity. The data are in good agreement with our…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2013-09-19 Stacy McGaugh , Moti Milgrom

Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) is a gravitational framework designed to explain the astronomical observations in the Universe without the inclusion of particle dark matter. Modified Newtonian Dynamics, in its current form, cannot…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2017-02-15 Alistair Hodson , Hongsheng Zhao

Modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) is an empirical theory originally proposed to explain the rotation curves of spiral galaxies by modifying the gravitational acceleration, rather than by invoking dark matter. Here,we set constraints on…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2015-10-28 Fabio Iocco , Miguel Pato , Gianfranco Bertone

The MOND modified gravity paradigm, best known for its agreement with galactic rotation curve data, is difficult to devise laboratory tests for. MOND's predictions differ substantially from Newtonian gravity only in the case of very small…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2024-10-03 Benjamin Monreal , Xavier Moskala , Sofia Splawska

I discuss a novel MOND effect that entails a correction to the dynamics of isolated mass systems even when they are deep in the Newtonian regime: systems whose extent R<<Rm, where Rm=sqrt(GM/a0) is the MOND radius, and M the total mass.…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2012-09-24 Mordehai Milgrom

Accepting that galactic mass discrepancies are due to modified dynamics, I show why it is specifically the MOND paradigm that is pointed to cogently. MOND is thus discussed here as a special case of a larger class of modified dynamics…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2015-10-13 Mordehai Milgrom

Based on Newtonian dynamics, observations show that the luminous masses of astrophysical objects that are the size of a galaxy or larger are not enough to generate the measured motions which they supposedly determine. This is typically…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2016-04-22 Chung-Ming Ko

Cosmological models that invoke warm or cold dark matter can not explain observed regularities in the properties of dwarf galaxies, their highly anisotropic spatial distributions, nor the correlation between observed mass discrepancies and…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2013-01-22 Pavel Kroupa , Marcel Pawlowski , Mordehai Milgrom

Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) has been shown to be able to fit spiral galaxy rotation curves as well as giving a theoretical foundation for empirically determined scaling relations, such as the Tully - Fisher law, without the need for…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-20 V. F. Cardone , G. Angus , A. Diaferio , C. Tortora , R. Molinaro

We show that unlike machine learning classifiers, there are no complex boundary structures in the decision boundaries for well-trained deep models. However, we found that the complicated structures do appear in training but they vanish…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-30 Hengshuai Yao

An account is given of the development, and the status, of the modified dynamics (MOND)--a proposed alternative to dark matter, which posits a breakdown of Newtonian dynamics in the limit of small accelerations.

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-05-23 Mordehai Milgrom