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Parameter-efficient training based on low-rank optimization has become a highly successful tool for fine-tuning large deep learning models. However, these methods often fail for low-rank pre-training, where simultaneously maintaining…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Ipsita Ghosh , Ethan Nguyen , Christian Kümmerle

The transformer architecture is central to the success of modern Large Language Models (LLMs), in part due to its surprising ability to perform a wide range of tasks - including mathematical reasoning, memorization, and retrieval - using…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Yihe Dong , Lorenzo Noci , Mikhail Khodak , Mufan Li

Despite their prevalence in deep-learning communities, over-parameterized models convey high demands of computational costs for proper training. This work studies the fine-grained, modular-level learning dynamics of over-parameterized…

Training stability is of great importance to Transformers. In this work, we investigate the training dynamics of Transformers by examining the evolution of the attention layers. In particular, we track the attention entropy for each…

The massive scaling of Large Language Models (LLMs) has made pretraining increasingly cost-prohibitive. While low-rank representation and orthonormal weight matrices could in principle reduce parameter counts and computational overhead,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Kaivan Kamali , Kajetan Schweighofer , Hormoz Shahrzad , Olivier Francon , Babak Hodjat , Risto Miikkulainen

Model-free reinforcement learning (RL) is a powerful approach for learning control policies directly from high-dimensional state and observation. However, it tends to be data-inefficient, which is especially costly in robotic learning…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-10-14 Xubo Lyu , Mo Chen

Self-supervised pretraining has been extensively studied in language and vision domains, where a unified model can be easily adapted to various downstream tasks by pretraining representations without explicit labels. When it comes to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-25 Yanchao Sun , Shuang Ma , Ratnesh Madaan , Rogerio Bonatti , Furong Huang , Ashish Kapoor

This paper presents a new parameter estimation algorithm for the adaptive control of a class of time-varying plants. The main feature of this algorithm is a matrix of time-varying learning rates, which enables parameter estimation error…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-11-18 Joseph E. Gaudio , Anuradha M. Annaswamy , Eugene Lavretsky , Michael A. Bolender

Fine-tuning pre-trained robot policies with reinforcement learning (RL) often inherits the bottlenecks introduced by pre-training with behavioral cloning (BC), which produces narrow action distributions that lack the coverage necessary for…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Matthew M. Hong , Jesse Zhang , Anusha Nagabandi , Abhishek Gupta

Safe reinforcement learning (RL) aims to learn policies that satisfy certain constraints before deploying them to safety-critical applications. Previous primal-dual style approaches suffer from instability issues and lack optimality…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-20 Zuxin Liu , Zhepeng Cen , Vladislav Isenbaev , Wei Liu , Zhiwei Steven Wu , Bo Li , Ding Zhao

Reliability-centered prognostics for rotating machinery requires early-warning signals that remain accurate under nonstationary operating conditions, domain shifts across speed, load, sensors, and machines, and severe class imbalance, while…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Changyu Li , Dingcheng Huang , Kexuan Yao , Xiaoya Ni , Lijuan Shen , Fei Luo

We study low-rank parameterizations of weight matrices with embedded spectral properties in the Deep Learning context. The low-rank property leads to parameter efficiency and permits taking computational shortcuts when computing mappings.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-15 Anton Obukhov , Maxim Rakhuba , Alexander Liniger , Zhiwu Huang , Stamatios Georgoulis , Dengxin Dai , Luc Van Gool

Large language models like GPT-4 exhibit emergent capabilities across general-purpose tasks, such as basic arithmetic, when trained on extensive text data, even though these tasks are not explicitly encoded by the unsupervised, next-token…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-10 Nayoung Lee , Kartik Sreenivasan , Jason D. Lee , Kangwook Lee , Dimitris Papailiopoulos

We propose an end-to-end differentiable training paradigm for stable training of a rationalized transformer classifier. Our approach results in a single model that simultaneously classifies a sample and scores input tokens based on their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Marc Brinner , Sina Zarrieß

Large language models (LLMs) trained via KL-regularized reinforcement learning demonstrate strong instruction following, self-correction, and reasoning abilities. Yet their theoretical underpinnings remain limited. We exploit the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Zhiquan Tan , Yinrong Hong

Large-scale transformer models have become the de-facto architectures for various machine learning applications, e.g., CV and NLP. However, those large models also introduce prohibitive training costs. To mitigate this issue, we propose a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-22 Zhewei Yao , Xiaoxia Wu , Conglong Li , Connor Holmes , Minjia Zhang , Cheng Li , Yuxiong He

Large-scale transformer models have shown remarkable performance in language modelling tasks. However, such models feature billions of parameters, leading to difficulties in their deployment and prohibitive training costs from scratch. To…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Viktoriia Chekalina , Georgii Novikov , Julia Gusak , Ivan Oseledets , Alexander Panchenko

Scaling model performance typically requires increasing model size. Looped Transformer offers a compelling alternative by iteratively reusing the same Transformer blocks, trading additional computation for improved performance without…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Rao Fu , Zixuan Yang , Jiankun Zhang , Jing Ma , Hechang Chen , Yu Li , Yi Chang

Recent works on parameter-efficient transfer learning (PETL) show the potential to adapt a pre-trained Vision Transformer to downstream recognition tasks with only a few learnable parameters. However, since they usually insert new…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Taolin Zhang , Jiawang Bai , Zhihe Lu , Dongze Lian , Genping Wang , Xinchao Wang , Shu-Tao Xia

While the multi-branch architecture is one of the key ingredients to the success of computer vision tasks, it has not been well investigated in natural language processing, especially sequence learning tasks. In this work, we propose a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-07-28 Yang Fan , Shufang Xie , Yingce Xia , Lijun Wu , Tao Qin , Xiang-Yang Li , Tie-Yan Liu