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The rapid emergence of open-source, locally hosted intelligent agents marks a critical inflection point in human-computer interaction. Systems such as OpenClaw demonstrate that Large Language Model (LLM)-based agents can autonomously…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Rui Liu , Tao Zhe , Dongjie Wang , Zijun Yao , Kunpeng Liu , Yanjie Fu , Huan Liu , Jian Pei

Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents, driven by Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs), have emerged as a promising paradigm for enabling intelligent interaction with digital systems. This paper provides a structured survey of recent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Jiahao Li , Kaer Huang

Autonomous graphical user interface (GUI) agents aim to facilitate task automation by interacting with the user interface without manual intervention. Recent studies have investigated eliciting the capabilities of large language models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Zhuosheng Zhang , Aston Zhang

Developing intelligent agents capable of operating a wide range of Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) with human-level proficiency is a key milestone on the path toward Artificial General Intelligence. While most existing datasets and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Sen Chen , Tong Zhao , Yi Bin , Fei Ma , Wenqi Shao , Zheng Wang

Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents are designed to automate complex tasks on digital devices, such as smartphones and desktops. Most existing GUI agents interact with the environment through extracted structured data, which can be…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-02-26 Kanzhi Cheng , Qiushi Sun , Yougang Chu , Fangzhi Xu , Yantao Li , Jianbing Zhang , Zhiyong Wu

Graphical User Interface (GUI) tasks are vital for automating workflows such as software testing, user interface navigation. For users, the GUI is the most intuitive platform for interacting with a computer. Previous work identified a key…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Zheng Hui , Yinheng Li , Dan zhao , Tianyi Chen , Colby Banbury , Kazuhito Koishida

Exploratory GUI testing is essential for software quality but suffers from high manual costs. While Multi-modal Large Language Model (MLLM) agents excel in navigation, they fail to autonomously discover defects due to two core challenges:…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Yifei Gao , Jiang Wu , Xiaoyi Chen , Yifan Yang , Zhe Cui , Tianyi Ma , Jiaming Zhang , Jitao Sang

As generative artificial intelligence advances, Large Language Models (LLMs) are being explored for automated graphical user interface (GUI) design. This study investigates the usability and adaptability of LLM-generated interfaces by…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Bartosz Sawicki , Tomasz Les , Dariusz Parzych , Aleksandra Wycisk-Ficek , Pawel Trebacz , Pawel Zawadzki

Web agents, which couple language models with browsing and tool-use capabilities, show promise as open web assistants. Yet progress is increasingly limited by the lack of scalable, process-level supervision. Existing benchmarks are largely…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Tenghao Huang , Kung-Hsiang Huang , Prafulla Kumar Choubey , Yilun Zhou , Muhao Chen , Jonathan May , Chien-Sheng Wu

Digital agents are increasingly employed to automate tasks in interactive digital environments such as web pages, software applications, and operating systems. While text-based agents built on Large Language Models (LLMs) often require…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Zhiqi Ge , Juncheng Li , Xinglei Pang , Minghe Gao , Kaihang Pan , Wang Lin , Hao Fei , Wenqiao Zhang , Siliang Tang , Yueting Zhuang

Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents offer cross-platform solutions for automating complex digital tasks, with significant potential to transform productivity workflows. However, their performance is often constrained by the scarcity of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Junlei Zhang , Zichen Ding , Chang Ma , Zijie Chen , Qiushi Sun , Zhenzhong Lan , Junxian He

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) are transforming the capabilities of graphical user interface (GUI) agents, facilitating their transition from controlled simulations to complex, real-world applications across various platforms.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Boyu Gou , Ruohan Wang , Boyuan Zheng , Yanan Xie , Cheng Chang , Yiheng Shu , Huan Sun , Yu Su

Graphical user interfaces (GUIs) are integral parts of software systems that require interactions from their users. Software testers have paid special attention to GUI testing in the last decade, and have devised techniques that are…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-03-29 Valéria Lelli , Arnaud Blouin , Benoit Baudry

Large Language Models (LLMs) have seen an impressive wave of advances recently, with models now excelling in a variety of tasks, such as mathematical reasoning and program synthesis. However, their potential to effectively use tools via API…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-25 Shishir G. Patil , Tianjun Zhang , Xin Wang , Joseph E. Gonzalez

With the rapid development of Large Vision Language Models, the focus of Graphical User Interface (GUI) agent tasks shifts from single-screen tasks to complex screen navigation challenges. However, real-world GUI environments, such as PC…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Haolong Yan , Yeqing Shen , Xin Huang , Jia Wang , Kaijun Tan , Zhixuan Liang , Hongxin Li , Zheng Ge , Osamu Yoshie , Si Li , Xiangyu Zhang , Daxin Jiang

GUI agents powered by Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated impressive capability in understanding and executing user instructions. However, accurately grounding instruction-relevant elements from high-resolution…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Yichao Liu , Huawen Shen , Liu Yu , Shiyu Liu , Zeyu Chen , Yu Zhou

Desktop GUI agents operate under partial observability: visually similar screens can correspond to different underlying workflow states, so locally plausible actions can lead to sharply different outcomes. We frame this as a problem of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Michael Solodko , Justin Wagle

Automating GUI tasks remains challenging due to reliance on textual representations, platform-specific action spaces, and limited reasoning capabilities. We introduce Aguvis, a unified vision-based framework for autonomous GUI agents that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Yiheng Xu , Zekun Wang , Junli Wang , Dunjie Lu , Tianbao Xie , Amrita Saha , Doyen Sahoo , Tao Yu , Caiming Xiong

Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) are central to app development projects. App developers may use the GUIs of other apps as a means of requirements refinement and rapid prototyping or as a source of inspiration for designing and improving…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Jialiang Wei , Anne-Lise Courbis , Thomas Lambolais , Binbin Xu , Pierre Louis Bernard , Gérard Dray , Walid Maalej

We introduce GUI-360$^\circ$, a large-scale, comprehensive dataset and benchmark suite designed to advance computer-using agents (CUAs). CUAs present unique challenges and is constrained by three persistent gaps: a scarcity of real-world…