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The large language model era urges faster and less costly inference. Prior model compression works on LLMs tend to undertake a software-centric approach primarily focused on the simulated quantization performance. By neglecting the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-17 Qingyuan Li , Ran Meng , Yiduo Li , Bo Zhang , Liang Li , Yifan Lu , Xiangxiang Chu , Yerui Sun , Yuchen Xie

Improving the efficiency of inference in Large Language Models (LLMs) is a critical area of research. Post-training Quantization (PTQ) is a popular technique, but it often faces challenges at low-bit levels, particularly in downstream…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Wenjin Ke , Zhe Li , Dong Li , Lu Tian , Emad Barsoum

We present a simple meta quantization approach that quantizes different layers of a large language model (LLM) at different bit levels, and is independent of the underlying quantization technique. Specifically, we quantize the most…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Razvan-Gabriel Dumitru , Vikas Yadav , Rishabh Maheshwary , Paul-Ioan Clotan , Sathwik Tejaswi Madhusudhan , Mihai Surdeanu

Several post-training quantization methods have been applied to large language models (LLMs), and have been shown to perform well down to 8-bits. We find that these methods break down at lower bit precision, and investigate quantization…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Zechun Liu , Barlas Oguz , Changsheng Zhao , Ernie Chang , Pierre Stock , Yashar Mehdad , Yangyang Shi , Raghuraman Krishnamoorthi , Vikas Chandra

Due to the high memory and computational costs associated with large language models (LLMs), model compression techniques such as quantization, which reduces inference costs, and parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) methods like Low-Rank…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Hyesung Jeon , Yulhwa Kim , Jae-joon Kim

Neural network quantization procedure is the necessary step for porting of neural networks to mobile devices. Quantization allows accelerating the inference, reducing memory consumption and model size. It can be performed without…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-27 Alexander Goncharenko , Andrey Denisov , Sergey Alyamkin , Evgeny Terentev

The benefits of most large language models come with steep and often hidden economic and environmental costs due to their resource usage inefficiency during deployment. Model quantization improves energy and memory efficiency through…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Deyu Cao , Yixin Yin , Samin Aref

Deploying Small Language Models (SLMs) on edge platforms is critical for real-time, privacy-sensitive generative AI, yet constrained by memory, latency, and energy budgets. Quantization reduces model size and cost but suffers from device…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Nilesh Prasad Pandey , Jangseon Park , Onat Gungor , Flavio Ponzina , Tajana Rosing

Quantization is a practical technique for making large language models easier to deploy by reducing the precision used to store and operate on model weights. This can lower memory use and improve runtime feasibility on constrained hardware,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Uygar Kurt

Quantization is essential for efficient large language model (LLM) inference, yet the dequantization step-converting low-bit weights back to high-precision for matrix multiplication has become a critical bottleneck on modern AI…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-15 Lingchao Zheng , Yuwei Fan , Jun Li , Chengqiu Hu , Qichen Liao , Junyi Fan , Rui Shi , Fangzheng Miao

Fine-tuning is a crucial process for adapting large language models (LLMs) to diverse applications. In certain scenarios, such as multi-tenant serving, deploying multiple LLMs becomes necessary to meet complex demands. Recent studies…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Bowen Ping , Shuo Wang , Hanqing Wang , Xu Han , Yuzhuang Xu , Yukun Yan , Yun Chen , Baobao Chang , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun

Quantization and fine-tuning are crucial for deploying large language models (LLMs) on resource-constrained edge devices. However, fine-tuning quantized models presents significant challenges, primarily stemming from: First, the mismatch in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Junyu Chen , Junzhuo Li , Zhen Peng , Wenjie Wang , Yuxiang Ren , Long Shi , Xuming Hu

Quantization significantly accelerates inference in large language models (LLMs) by replacing original high-precision matrices with low-precision counterparts. Recent advances in weight-activation quantization have primarily focused on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Wenyuan Liu , Haoqian Meng , Yilun Luo , Yafei Zhao , Peng Zhang , Xindian Ma

This paper addresses the challenge of large model (LM)-embedded wireless network for handling the trade-off problem of model accuracy and network latency. To guarantee a high-quality of users' service, the network latency should be…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-05 Yichen Jin , Zongze Li , Zeyi Ren , Qingfeng Lin , Yik-Chung Wu

Large language models (LLMs) are crucial in modern natural language processing and artificial intelligence. However, they face challenges in managing their significant memory requirements. Although quantization-aware training (QAT) offers a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Mengzhao Chen , Wenqi Shao , Peng Xu , Jiahao Wang , Peng Gao , Kaipeng Zhang , Ping Luo

With the rising popularity of Large Language Models (LLMs), there has been an increasing interest in compression techniques that enable their efficient deployment. This study focuses on the Post-Training Quantization (PTQ) of LLMs. Drawing…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-12-04 Kayhan Behdin , Ayan Acharya , Aman Gupta , Qingquan Song , Siyu Zhu , Sathiya Keerthi , Rahul Mazumder

Large Language Models (LLMs), with their increasing depth and number of parameters, have demonstrated outstanding performance across a variety of natural language processing tasks. However, this growth in scale leads to increased…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Hossein Rajabzadeh , Aref Jafari , Aman Sharma , Benyamin Jami , Hyock Ju Kwon , Ali Ghodsi , Boxing Chen , Mehdi Rezagholizadeh

State-Space Models (SSMs) have attracted considerable attention in Image Restoration (IR) due to their ability to scale linearly sequence length while effectively capturing long-distance dependencies. However, deploying SSMs to edge devices…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Yujie Chen , Haotong Qin , Zhang Zhang , Michelo Magno , Luca Benini , Yawei Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) have showcased remarkable impacts across a wide spectrum of natural language processing tasks. Fine-tuning these pretrained models on downstream datasets provides further significant performance gains; however,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Zhikai Li , Xiaoxuan Liu , Banghua Zhu , Zhen Dong , Qingyi Gu , Kurt Keutzer

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive abilities in various domains while the inference cost is expensive. Many previous studies exploit quantization methods to reduce LLM inference cost by reducing latency and memory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Jinhao Li , Jiaming Xu , Shiyao Li , Shan Huang , Jun Liu , Yaoxiu Lian , Guohao Dai