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Memory-augmented Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capability for complex and long-horizon embodied planning. By keeping track of past experiences and environmental states, memory enables LLMs to maintain a global…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Zebin Yang , Tong Xie , Baotong Lu , Shaoshan Liu , Bo Yu , Meng Li

Transformer-based large language models (LLMs) have already achieved remarkable results on long-text tasks, but the limited GPU memory (VRAM) resources struggle to accommodate the linearly growing demand for key-value (KV) cache as the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Shibo Jie , Yehui Tang , Kai Han , Zhi-Hong Deng , Jing Han

Long-context Large Language Models (LLMs) face significant memory bottlenecks during inference due to the linear growth of key-value (KV) cache with sequence length. While individual optimization techniques like KV cache quantization,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Sai Gokhale , Devleena Das , Rajeev Patwari , Ashish Sirasao , Elliott Delaye

High throughput serving of large language models (LLMs) requires batching sufficiently many requests at a time. However, existing systems struggle because the key-value cache (KV cache) memory for each request is huge and grows and shrinks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-13 Woosuk Kwon , Zhuohan Li , Siyuan Zhuang , Ying Sheng , Lianmin Zheng , Cody Hao Yu , Joseph E. Gonzalez , Hao Zhang , Ion Stoica

Transformer-based large language models (LLMs) encounter challenges in processing long sequences on edge devices due to the quadratic complexity of attention mechanisms and growing memory demands from Key-Value (KV) cache. Existing KV cache…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Jiyu Chen , Shuang Peng , Daxiong Luo , Fan Yang , Renshou Wu , Fangyuan Li , Xiaoxin Chen

Recently the generative Large Language Model (LLM) has achieved remarkable success in numerous applications. Notably its inference generates output tokens one-by-one, leading to many redundant computations. The widely-used KV-Cache…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Weizhuo Li , Zhigang Wang , Yu Gu , Ge Yu

Streaming video large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used for real-time multimodal tasks such as video captioning, question answering, conversational agents, and augmented reality. However, these models face fundamental memory and…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-25 Donghyuk Kim , Sejeong Yang , Wonjin Shin , Joo-Young Kim

Large language model (LLM) applications often reuse previously processed context, such as chat history and documents, which introduces significant redundant computation. Existing LLM serving systems address such redundant computation by…

Across large language model (LLM) applications, we observe an emerging trend for reusing KV caches to save the prefill delays of processing repeated input texts in different LLM inputs. This has led to a broad design space, including…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Hanchen Li , Yuhan Liu , Yihua Cheng , Kuntai Du , Junchen Jiang

The proliferation of large language models (LLMs) is accelerating the integration of multimodal assistants into edge devices, where inference is executed under stringent latency and energy constraints, often exacerbated by intermittent…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Yanru Chen , Runyang Tian , Yue Pan , Zheyu Li , Weihong Xu , Tajana Rosing

Recent large language models (LLMs) with enormous model sizes use many GPUs to meet memory capacity requirements incurring substantial costs for token generation. To provide cost-effective LLM inference with relaxed latency constraints,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Sanghyeon Lee , Hongbeen Kim , Soojin Hwang , Guseul Heo , Minwoo Noh , Jaehyuk Huh

The Large Language Model (LLM) has gained significant popularity and is extensively utilized across various domains. Most LLM deployments occur within cloud data centers, where they encounter substantial response delays and incur high…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Zhi Yao , Zhiqing Tang , Jiong Lou , Ping Shen , Weijia Jia

Serving large language models (LLMs) for massive users is challenged by the significant memory footprint of the transient state, known as the key-value (KV) cache, which scales with sequence length and number of requests. Instead of renting…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Liu Qianli , Hong Zicong , Chen Fahao , Li Peng , Guo Song

Efficient key-value (KV) cache management is crucial for the practical deployment of large language models (LLMs), yet existing compression techniques often incur a trade-off between performance degradation and computational overhead. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Jang-Hyun Kim , Dongyoon Han , Sangdoo Yun

The Key-Value (KV) cache is integral to efficient autoregressive inference in large language models (LLMs), yet its unbounded growth in stateful multi-turn scenarios presents major challenges. This paper examines the interplay between KV…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Pratik Poudel

Large Language Models (LLMs), epitomized by ChatGPT's release in late 2022, have revolutionized various industries with their advanced language comprehension. However, their efficiency is challenged by the Transformer architecture's…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-21 Luohe Shi , Hongyi Zhang , Yao Yao , Zuchao Li , Hai Zhao

With a recent trend of using Large Language Models (LLMs) for different applications within smart cities, there is a need for pushing these models toward the edge of network while still preserving their performance. Edge Computing (EC) as a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Minoo Hosseinzadeh , Hana Khamfroush

Large Language models (LLMs) have become a research hotspot. To accelerate the inference of LLMs, storing computed caches in memory has become the standard technique. However, as the inference length increases, growing KV caches might lead…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Meizhi Zhong , Xikai Liu , Chen Zhang , Yikun Lei , Yan Gao , Yao Hu , Kehai Chen , Min Zhang

Deploying Small Language Models (SLMs) on edge platforms is critical for real-time, privacy-sensitive generative AI, yet constrained by memory, latency, and energy budgets. Quantization reduces model size and cost but suffers from device…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Nilesh Prasad Pandey , Jangseon Park , Onat Gungor , Flavio Ponzina , Tajana Rosing

Recently, sharing key-value (KV) cache across layers has been found effective in efficient inference of large language models (LLMs). To systematically investigate different techniques of cross-layer KV sharing, we propose a unified…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-06 You Wu , Haoyi Wu , Kewei Tu