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A potential candidate technology for the development of future 6G networks has been recognized as Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS). However, due to the variation in radio link quality, traditional passive RISs only accomplish a…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-09-26 Rashed Hasan Ratul , Muhammad Iqbal , Tabinda Ashraf , Jen-Yi Pan , Yi-Han Wang , Shao-Yu Lien

The ability of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) to produce complex radiation patterns in the far-field is determined by various factors, such as the unit-cell's size, shape, spatial arrangement, tuning mechanism, the communication…

A promising type of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS) employs tunable control of its varactors using biasing transmission lines below the RIS reflecting elements. Biasing standing waves (BSWs) are excited by a time-periodic signal…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Gal Ben Itzhak , Miguel Saavedra-Melo , Ender Ayanoglu , Filippo Capolino , A. Lee Swindlehurst

A reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) is commonly made of low-cost passive and reflective meta-materials with excellent beam steering capabilities. It is applied to enhance wireless communication systems as a customizable signal…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-16 Kun Chen-Hu , Petar Popovski

Realizing advanced functionalities with high efficiencies via reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) and reflectarrays requires configurations with strong electromagnetic non-local responses. The traditional approach to achieving strong…

Intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) is a new and promising paradigm to substantially improve the spectral and energy efficiency of wireless networks, by constructing favorable communication channels via tuning massive low-cost passive…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-05-18 Jiangbin Lyu , Rui Zhang

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) has been explored as a supportive technology for wireless communication since around 2019. While the literature highlights the potential of RIS in different modern applications, two key issues have…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-10 Daniel C. Alcantara , Daniel V. C. de Oliveira , Gilderlan T. de Araújo , Paulo R. B. Gomes , André L. F. de Almeida

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) and flexible intelligent metasurfaces (FIM) have been widely adopted in multi-user wireless communication systems to enhance channel quality through simultaneous transmission and reflection of…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-23 Ayla Eftekhari , Maryam Cheraghy , Armin Farhadi , Mohammad Robat Mili , Qingqing Wu

The ever-growing popularity and rapid improving of artificial intelligence (AI) have raised rethinking on the evolution of wireless networks. Mobile edge computing (MEC) provides a natural platform for AI applications since it provides rich…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-02-08 Shanfeng Huang , Shuai Wang , Rui Wang , Miaowen Wen , Kaibin Huang

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) are considered a promising technology for boosting the coverage and for enhancing the spectral efficiency of wireless systems, as well as for taming the wireless environment. The potential benefits…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-11-23 Bjorn Sihlbom , Marios I. Poulakis , Marco Di Renzo

This paper introduces a novel method to enhance the connectivity of multi-reconfigurable intelligent surface-assisted device-to-device networks, referred to as multi-RIS-assisted D2D networks, through a unique phase shift determination. The…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Mohammed Saif , Mohammad Javad-Kalbasi , Shahrokh Valaee

We consider the optimization of beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS)-aided multi-user (MU) cell-free (CF)-massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO) systems, where the propagation environment design achieved…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-18 Iván Alexander Morales Sandoval , Marko Fidanovski , Hyeon Seok Rou , Giuseppe Thadeu Freitas de Abreu , Emil Björnson

This paper presents a novel approach for the joint design of a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) and a transmitter-receiver pair that are trained together as a set of deep neural networks (DNNs) to optimize the end-to-end…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-12-09 Tugba Erpek , Yalin E. Sagduyu , Ahmed Alkhateeb , Aylin Yener

A reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) is a prospective wireless technology that enhances wireless channel quality. An RIS is often equipped with passive array of elements and provides cost and power-efficient solutions for coverage…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-03-20 Hyuckjin Choi , Ly V. Nguyen , Junil Choi , A. Lee Swindlehurst

Dynamic metasurface antennas (DMAs) are an emerging technology for next-generation wireless base stations, distinguished by hybrid analog/digital beamforming capabilities with low hardware complexity. However, the intrinsic coupling between…

Applied Physics · Physics 2025-07-11 Hugo Prod'homme , Philipp del Hougne

Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) architectures offer superior beamforming gain over conventional diagonal RISs. However, the channel estimation overhead is the main hurdle for reaping the above gain in practice.…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-25 Rui Wang , Junyuan Gao , Shuowen Zhang , Bruno Clerckx , Liang Liu

Deploying multiple beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RISs) can potentially improve the communication performance thanks to inter-element connections of each BD-RIS and inter-surface cooperative beamforming gain among…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-23 Junyuan Gao , Shuowen Zhang , Liang Liu

The robust beamforming design in multi-functional reconfigurable intelligent surface (MF-RIS) assisted wireless networks is investigated in this work, where the MF-RIS supports signal reflection, refraction, and amplification to address the…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2024-12-12 Ailing Zheng , Wanli Ni , Wen Wang , Hui Tian , Chau Yuen

Metasurfaces (MTSs) are increasingly emerging as enabling technologies to meet the demands for multi-functional, small form-factor, efficient, reconfigurable, tunable, and low-cost radio-frequency (RF) components because of their ability to…

Applied Physics · Physics 2022-11-03 Kumar Vijay Mishra , Ahmet M. Elbir , Amir I. Zaghloul

Channel estimation is a central bottleneck in BD-RIS-assisted MIMO systems. The richer inter-element coupling that enables large performance gains also makes training and hardware control substantially harder than in diagonal RIS…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-30 Gilderlan Tavares de Araújo , Bruno Sokal , André L. F. de Almeida