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While automatic response generation for building chatbot systems has drawn a lot of attention recently, there is limited understanding on when we need to consider the linguistic context of an input text in the generation process. The task…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-11-04 Chaozhuo Li , Yu Wu , Wei Wu , Chen Xing , Zhoujun Li , Ming Zhou

Contextual bandits have emerged as a cornerstone in reinforcement learning, enabling systems to make decisions with partial feedback. However, as contexts grow in complexity, traditional bandit algorithms can face challenges in adequately…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Ali Baheri , Cecilia O. Alm

The proliferation of hate speech has inflicted significant societal harm, with its intensity and directionality closely tied to specific targets and arguments. In recent years, numerous machine learning-based methods have been developed to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Zewen Bai , Liang Yang , Shengdi Yin , Yuanyuan Sun , Hongfei Lin

The rise in the number of social media users has led to an increase in the hateful content posted online. In countries like India, where multiple languages are spoken, these abhorrent posts are from an unusual blend of code-switched…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-26 Kshitij Rajput , Raghav Kapoor , Kaushal Rai , Preeti Kaur

With proliferation of user generated contents in social media platforms, establishing mechanisms to automatically identify toxic and abusive content becomes a prime concern for regulators, researchers, and society. Keeping the balance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-10 Djamila Romaissa Beddiar , Md Saroar Jahan , Mourad Oussalah

With the proliferation of social media, accurate detection of hate speech has become critical to ensure safety online. To combat nuanced forms of hate speech, it is important to identify and thoroughly explain hate speech to help users…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-23 Yongjin Yang , Joonkee Kim , Yujin Kim , Namgyu Ho , James Thorne , Se-young Yun

Hate Speech has become a major content moderation issue for online social media platforms. Given the volume and velocity of online content production, it is impossible to manually moderate hate speech related content on any platform. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-28 Sudhanshu Mishra , Shivangi Prasad , Shubhanshu Mishra

Large language model (LLM)-based automatic speech recognition (ASR) has recently achieved strong performance across diverse tasks, yet contextual biasing for named entities and hotwords under large vocabularies remains challenging. In this…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-29 YuXiang Kong , JunFeng Hou , Jian Tang , Bingqing Zhu , Jicheng Zhang , Shaofei Xue

Large Language Models (LLMs) trained on web-scale corpora inherently absorb toxic patterns from their training data. This leads to toxic degeneration where even innocuous prompts can trigger harmful outputs. This phenomenon poses…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Mokshit Surana , Archit Rathod , Akshaj Satishkumar

Detecting life-threatening language is essential for safeguarding individuals in distress, promoting mental health and well-being, and preventing potential harm and loss of life. This paper presents an effective approach to identifying…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Thanh Thi Nguyen , Campbell Wilson , Janis Dalins

Recent studies have proposed models that yielded promising performance for the hateful meme classification task. Nevertheless, these proposed models do not generate interpretable explanations that uncover the underlying meaning and support…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Ming Shan Hee , Wen-Haw Chong , Roy Ka-Wei Lee

Hate detection has long been a challenging task for the NLP community. The task becomes complex in a code-mixed environment because the models must understand the context and the hate expressed through language alteration. Compared to the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Debajyoti Mazumder , Aakash Kumar , Jasabanta Patro

The evaluation of cross-lingual semantic search models is often limited to existing datasets from tasks such as information retrieval and semantic textual similarity. We introduce Cross-Lingual Semantic Discrimination (CLSD), a lightweight…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Andrianos Michail , Simon Clematide , Rico Sennrich

This paper introduces a novel approach for multimodal sentiment analysis on social media, particularly in the context of natural disasters, where understanding public sentiment is crucial for effective crisis management. Unlike conventional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Meriem Zerkouk , Miloud Mihoubi , Belkacem Chikhaoui

Hate speech is a harmful form of online expression, often manifesting as derogatory posts. It is a significant risk in digital environments. With the rise of Large Language Models (LLMs), there is concern about their potential to replicate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Paloma Piot , Javier Parapar

The widespread presence of hate speech on the internet, including formats such as text-based tweets and vision-language memes, poses a significant challenge to digital platform safety. Recent research has developed detection models tailored…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Ming Shan Hee , Aditi Kumaresan , Roy Ka-Wei Lee

Multimodal image-text memes are prevalent on the internet, serving as a unique form of communication that combines visual and textual elements to convey humor, ideas, or emotions. However, some memes take a malicious turn, promoting hateful…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-13 Giovanni Burbi , Alberto Baldrati , Lorenzo Agnolucci , Marco Bertini , Alberto Del Bimbo

With the recent surge and exponential growth of social media usage, scrutinizing social media content for the presence of any hateful content is of utmost importance. Researchers have been diligently working since the past decade on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-22 Atanu Mandal , Gargi Roy , Amit Barman , Indranil Dutta , Sudip Kumar Naskar

Online harassment is a widespread social and public health concern, yet most computational approaches for detecting and addressing harassment focus on publicly visible social media content rather than private messaging environments. Private…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Pinxian Lu , Nimra Ishfaq , Emma Win , Morgan Rose , Sierra R Strickland , Candice L Biernesser , Jamie Zelazny , Munmun De Choudhury

The exponential increase in the use of the Internet and social media over the last two decades has changed human interaction. This has led to many positive outcomes, but at the same time it has brought risks and harms. While the volume of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-12-23 Neeraj Vashistha , Arkaitz Zubiaga , Shanky Sharma