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Large Language Models (LLMs) struggle to automate real-world vulnerability detection due to two key limitations: the heterogeneity of vulnerability patterns undermines the effectiveness of a single unified model, and manual prompt…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Zihan Wu , Jie Xu , Yun Peng , Chun Yong Chong , Xiaohua Jia

Large language models (LLMs) have democratized software development, reducing the expertise barrier for programming complex applications. This accessibility extends to malicious software development, raising significant security concerns.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Lu Yan , Zhuo Zhang , Xiangzhe Xu , Shengwei An , Guangyu Shen , Zhou Xuan , Xuan Chen , Xiangyu Zhang

With the advent of new technologies, using various formats of digital gadgets is becoming widespread. In today's world, where everyday tasks are inevitable without technology, this extensive use of computers paves the way for malicious…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-02-23 Mohammad Mahdi Maghouli , Mohamadreza Fereydooni , Monireh Abdoos , Mojtaba Vahidi-Asl

Malicious software is a pernicious global problem. A novel multi-task learning framework is proposed in this paper for malware image classification for accurate and fast malware detection. We generate bitmap (BMP) and (PNG) images from…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-12 Ahmed Bensaoud , Jugal Kalita

The healthcare industry is currently experiencing an unprecedented wave of cybersecurity attacks, impacting millions of individuals. With the discovery of thousands of vulnerabilities each month, there is a pressing need to drive the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Rikhiya Ghosh , Oladimeji Farri , Hans-Martin von Stockhausen , Martin Schmitt , George Marica Vasile

The existing malware classification approaches (i.e., binary and family classification) can barely benefit subsequent analysis with their outputs. Even the family classification approaches suffer from lacking a formal naming standard and an…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Qijing Qiao , Ruitao Feng , Sen Chen , Fei Zhang , Xiaohong Li

This work focuses on a specific front of the malware detection arms-race, namely the detection of persistent, disk-resident malware. We exploit normalised compression distance (NCD), an information theoretic measure, applied directly to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2015-02-27 Nadia Alshahwan , Earl T. Barr , David Clark , George Danezis

Enterprise security faces escalating threats from sophisticated malware, compounded by expanding digital operations. This paper presents the first systematic evaluation of large language models (LLMs) to proactively identify indicators of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Aniesh Chawla , Udbhav Prasad

One of the major and serious threats that the Internet faces today is the vast amounts of data and files which need to be evaluated for potential malicious intent. Malicious software, often referred to as a malware that are designed by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-07-01 Sajedul Talukder

Memory forensics is an effective methodology for analyzing living-off-the-land malware, including threats that employ evasion, obfuscation, anti-analysis, and steganographic techniques. By capturing volatile system state, memory analysis…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Silvia Lucia Sanna , Davide Maiorca , Giorgio Giacinto

The security of code generated by large language models (LLMs) is a significant concern, as studies indicate that such code often contains vulnerabilities and lacks essential defensive programming constructs. This work focuses on examining…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Muhammad Usman Shahid , Chuadhry Mujeeb Ahmed , Rajiv Ranjan

Source code clones pose risks ranging from intellectual property violations to unintended vulnerabilities. Effective and efficient scalable clone detection, especially for diverged clones, remains challenging. Large language models (LLMs)…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Muslim Chochlov , Gul Aftab Ahmed , James Vincent Patten , Yuanhua Han , Guoxian Lu , David Gregg , Jim Buckley

Code security and usability are both essential for various coding assistant applications driven by large language models (LLMs). Current code security benchmarks focus solely on single evaluation task and paradigm, such as code completion…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Yutao Mou , Xiao Deng , Yuxiao Luo , Shikun Zhang , Wei Ye

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly adopted for code vulnerability detection, their reliability and robustness across diverse vulnerability types have become a pressing concern. In traditional adversarial settings, code…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Xiao Li , Yue Li , Hao Wu , Yue Zhang , Yechao Zhang , Fengyuan Xu , Sheng Zhong

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have shown significant promise, yet their evaluation raises concerns, particularly regarding data contamination due to the lack of access to proprietary training data. To address this issue,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Yanyang Li , Tin Long Wong , Cheung To Hung , Jianqiao Zhao , Duo Zheng , Ka Wai Liu , Michael R. Lyu , Liwei Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional progress in multiple domains of software engineering including software vulnerability detection. Using LLMs to automate vulnerability detection in the wild is an important and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Rijha Safdar , Danyail Mateen , Syed Taha Ali , Wajahat Hussain

With their increasing capabilities, Large Language Models (LLMs) are now used across many industries. They have become useful tools for software engineers and support a wide range of development tasks. As LLMs are increasingly used in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Marc Damie , Murat Bilgehan Ertan , Domenico Essoussi , Angela Makhanu , Gaëtan Peter , Roos Wensveen

Recently, Automated Vulnerability Localization (AVL) has attracted growing attention, aiming to facilitate diagnosis by pinpointing the specific lines of code responsible for vulnerabilities. Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Jian Zhang , Chong Wang , Anran Li , Weisong Sun , Cen Zhang , Wei Ma , Yang Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into software systems for diverse purposes, due to their versatility, flexibility, and ability to simulate human reasoning to some extent. However, poor integration of LLM inference…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Zacharie Chenail-Larcher , Brahim Mahmoudi , Naouel Moha , Quentin Stiévenart , Florent Avellaneda

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly being used as security engineering tools to summarize and explain malware behavior to analysts. A common assumption is that Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) improves explanation quality by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Jayson Ng , Amin Milani Fard