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Generating accurate SQL queries for user questions (text-to-SQL) has been a long-standing challenge since it requires a deep understanding of both the user's question and the corresponding database schema in order to retrieve the desired…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Zijin Hong , Zheng Yuan , Hao Chen , Qinggang Zhang , Feiran Huang , Xiao Huang

While Text-to-SQL remains the dominant approach for database interaction, real-world analytics increasingly require the flexibility of general-purpose programming languages such as Python or Pandas to manage file-based data and complex…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Hangle Hu , Chenyu Hou , Bin Cao , Ruizhe Li

Text-to-SQL generation bridges the gap between natural language and databases, enabling users to query data without requiring SQL expertise. While large language models (LLMs) have significantly advanced the field, challenges remain in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Ganesh Parab , Zishan Ahmad , Dagnachew Birru

The proliferation of unstructured data poses a fundamental challenge to traditional database interfaces. While Text-to-SQL has democratized access to structured data, it remains incapable of interpreting semantic or multi-modal queries.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Zhengren Wang , Dongwen Yao , Bozhou Li , Dongsheng Ma , Bo Li , Zhiyu Li , Feiyu Xiong , Bin Cui , Linpeng Tang , Wentao Zhang

Large language model (LLM)-based judges are widely adopted for automated evaluation and reward modeling, yet their judgments are often affected by judgment biases. Accurately evaluating these biases is essential for ensuring the reliability…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Hongli Zhou , Hui Huang , Rui Zhang , Kehai Chen , Bing Xu , Conghui Zhu , Tiejun Zhao , Muyun Yang

Training effective Text-to-SQL models remains challenging due to the scarcity of high-quality, diverse, and structurally complex datasets. Existing methods either rely on limited human-annotated corpora, or synthesize datasets directly by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Xuanguang Pan , Chongyang Tao , Jiayuan Bai , Jianling Gao , Zhengwei Tao , Xiansheng Zhou , Gavin Cheung , Shuai Ma

Querying tables with unstructured data is challenging due to the presence of text (or image), either embedded in the table or in external paragraphs, which traditional SQL struggles to process, especially for tasks requiring semantic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Rohit Khoja , Devanshu Gupta , Yanjie Fu , Dan Roth , Vivek Gupta

Translating Natural Language Queries into Structured Query Language (Text-to-SQL or NLQ-to-SQL) is a critical task extensively studied by both the natural language processing and database communities, aimed at providing a natural language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-29 Hasan Alp Caferoğlu , Özgür Ulusoy

The data-centric paradigm has emerged as a pivotal direction in artificial intelligence (AI), emphasizing the role of high-quality training data. This shift is especially critical in the Text-to-SQL task, where the scarcity, limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Qifeng Cai , Hao Liang , Chang Xu , Tao Xie , Wentao Zhang , Bin Cui

Despite the significant advancements of self-play fine-tuning (SPIN), which can transform a weak large language model (LLM) into a strong one through competitive interactions between models of varying capabilities, it still faces challenges…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Yuhao Zhang , Shaoming Duan , Jinhang Su , Chuanyi Liu , Peiyi Han

Large Language Model (LLM) techniques play an increasingly important role in Natural Language to SQL (NL2SQL) translation. LLMs trained by extensive corpora have strong natural language understanding and basic SQL generation abilities…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-04-01 Tonghui Ren , Yuankai Fan , Zhenying He , Ren Huang , Jiaqi Dai , Can Huang , Yinan Jing , Kai Zhang , Yifan Yang , X. Sean Wang

Recent advances in Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) trained with Long Chain-of-Thought have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in code generation and mathematical reasoning. However, their potential in multi-turn Text-to-SQL tasks remains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Le Zhou , Feng Yao , Fengcai Qiao , Bo Xu , Fangyuan Wang , Boyan Xu

Interacting with relational databases through natural language helps users of any background easily query and analyze a vast amount of data. This requires a system that understands users' questions and converts them to SQL queries…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-04-27 Tao Yu , Zifan Li , Zilin Zhang , Rui Zhang , Dragomir Radev

The Natural Language Interface to Databases (NLIDB) empowers non-technical users with database access through intuitive natural language (NL) interactions. Advanced approaches, utilizing neural sequence-to-sequence models or large-scale…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Yuankai Fan , Zhenying He , Tonghui Ren , Can Huang , Yinan Jing , Kai Zhang , X. Sean Wang

Table reasoning, encompassing tasks such as table question answering, fact verification, and text-to-SQL, requires precise understanding of structured tabular data, coupled with numerical computation and code manipulation for effective…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Fangyu Lei , Jinxiang Meng , Yiming Huang , Tinghong Chen , Yun Zhang , Shizhu He , Jun Zhao , Kang Liu

Text-to-SQL models have significantly improved with the adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs), leading to their increasing use in real-world applications. Although many benchmarks exist for evaluating the performance of text-to-SQL…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Sepideh Abedini , M. Tamer Özsu

Chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting combined with large language models (LLMs) have achieved encouraging results on complex reasoning tasks. Text-to-SQL is a critical semantic parsing task that converts natural language questions into SQL…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-25 Xiping Liu , Zhao Tan

Natural Language to SQL (NL2SQL) technology empowers non-expert users to query relational databases without requiring SQL expertise. While large language models (LLMs) have greatly improved NL2SQL algorithms, their rapid development…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Shizheng Hou , Wenqi Pei , Nuo Chen , Quang-Trung Ta , Peng Lu , Beng Chin Ooi

Rubric-based text evaluation increasingly uses large language models (LLMs) as scalable judges, but aligning frozen black-box models with human scoring standards remains challenging. We formulate this challenge as a criteria-transfer…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Yihan Hong , Huaiyuan Yao , Bolin Shen , Wanpeng Xu , Hua Wei , Yushun Dong

Text-to-SQL systems have achieved strong performance on English benchmarks, yet their behavior in morphologically rich, low-resource languages remains largely unexplored. We introduce BIRDTurk, the first Turkish adaptation of the BIRD…