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We describe a scalable experimental protocol for obtaining estimates of the error rate of individual quantum computational gates. This protocol, in which random Clifford gates are interleaved between a gate of interest, provides a bounded…

Randomized benchmarking is routinely used as an efficient method for characterizing the performance of sets of elementary logic gates in small quantum devices. In the measurement-based model of quantum computation, logic gates are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-09-05 Rafael N. Alexander , Peter S. Turner , Stephen D. Bartlett

We introduce binary randomized benchmarking (BiRB), a protocol that streamlines traditional RB by using circuits consisting almost entirely of i.i.d. layers of gates. BiRB reliably and efficiently extracts the average error rate of a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-20 Jordan Hines , Daniel Hothem , Robin Blume-Kohout , Birgitta Whaley , Timothy Proctor

Accurate noise characterization in quantum gates and circuits is vital for the development of reliable quantum simulations for chemically relevant systems and fault-tolerant quantum computing. This paper reviews a variety of key…

We present a low-depth randomised algorithm for the estimation of entanglement fidelity between an $n$-qubit matchgate circuit $\mathcal{U}$ and its noisy implementation $\mathcal{E}$. Our procedure makes use of a modified Pauli-Liouville…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-28 Jędrzej Burkat , Sergii Strelchuk

We present a method to characterise qubit gates. Utilising the supermap formalism, we create a scheme for deterministic single-qubit gate analysis. Our approach introduces a new twirling process that is applied directly through fixed…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-21 David Amaro-Alcalá

To successfully perform quantum computations, it is often necessary to first accurately characterize the noise in the underlying hardware. However, it is well known that fundamental limitations prevent the unique identification of the…

A key requirement for scalable quantum computing is that elementary quantum gates can be implemented with sufficiently low error. One method for determining the error behavior of a gate implementation is to perform process tomography.…

Quantum computers are poised to radically outperform their classical counterparts by manipulating coherent quantum systems. A realistic quantum computer will experience errors due to the environment and imperfect control. When these errors…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-11-21 Joel J. Wallman , Joseph Emerson

Hardware efficient transpilation of quantum circuits to a quantum devices native gateset is essential for the execution of quantum algorithms on noisy quantum computers. Typical quantum devices utilize a gateset with a single two-qubit…

The Toffoli gate is an important universal quantum gate, and will alongside the Clifford gates be available in future fault-tolerant quantum computing hardware. Many quantum algorithms rely on performing arbitrarily small single-qubit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-13 Christoffer Hindlycke , Jakov Krnic , Jan-Åke Larsson

We implement a complete randomized benchmarking protocol on a system of two superconducting qubits. The protocol consists of randomizing over gates in the Clifford group, which experimentally are generated via an improved two-qubit…

We consider the problem of fault-tolerant quantum computation in the presence of slow error diagnostics, either caused by measurement latencies or slow decoding algorithms. Our scheme offers a few improvements over previously existing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-01-08 Christopher Chamberland , Pavithran Iyer , David Poulin

Noise remains the major obstacle to scalable quantum computation. Quantum benchmarking provides key information on noise properties and is an important step for developing more advanced quantum processors. However, current benchmarking…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-22 Yanwu Gu , Wei-Feng Zhuang , Xudan Chai , Dong E. Liu

Hamiltonian simulation is a key quantum algorithm for modeling complex systems. To implement a Hamiltonian simulation, it is typically decomposed into a list of Pauli strings, each corresponds to an RZ rotation gate with many Clifford…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-16 Yingheng Li , Xulong Tang , Paul Hovland , Ji Liu

We present a protocol for Interleaved Randomized Benchmarking of arbitrary quantum gates using Monte Carlo sampling of quantum states. It is generally applicable, including non-Clifford gates while preserving key advantages of Randomized…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-07-11 Tobias Chasseur , Daniel M. Reich , Christiane P. Koch , Frank K. Wilhelm

Remarkable experimental advances in quantum computing are exemplified by recent announcements of impressive average gate fidelities exceeding 99.9% for single-qubit gates and 99% for two-qubit gates. Although these high numbers engender…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-12-29 Yuval R Sanders , Joel J Wallman , Barry C Sanders

As quantum devices scale up, many-body quantum gates and algorithms begin to surpass what is possible to simulate classically. Validation methods which rely on such classical simulation, such as process tomography and randomized…

Quantum computers promise to solve certain problems more efficiently than their digital counterparts. A major challenge towards practically useful quantum computing is characterizing and reducing the various errors that accumulate during an…

The performance of quantum gates is often assessed using some form of randomized benchmarking. However, the existing methods become infeasible for more than approximately five qubits. Here we show how to use a simple and customizable class…