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Temporal reasoning and planning are essential capabilities for large language models (LLMs), yet most existing benchmarks evaluate them in isolation and under limited forms of complexity. To address this gap, we introduce the Temporal…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Zifeng Ding , Sikuan Yan , Zhangdie Yuan , Xianglong Hu , Fangru Lin , Andreas Vlachos

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit remarkable fluency and competence across various natural language tasks. However, recent research has highlighted their sensitivity to variations in input prompts. To deploy LLMs in a safe and reliable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-30 Harsh Raj , Vipul Gupta , Domenic Rosati , Subhabrata Majumdar

Reasoning about time is essential for understanding the nuances of events described in natural language. Previous research on this topic has been limited in scope, characterized by a lack of standardized benchmarks that would allow for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Yuqing Wang , Yun Zhao

Are Large language models (LLMs) temporally grounded? Since LLMs cannot perceive and interact with the environment, it is impossible to answer this question directly. Instead, we provide LLMs with textual narratives and probe them with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-17 Yifu Qiu , Zheng Zhao , Yftah Ziser , Anna Korhonen , Edoardo M. Ponti , Shay B. Cohen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently demonstrated impressive capabilities in natural language processing due to their strong generalization and sequence modeling capabilities. However, their direct application to time series…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Yanru Sun , Emadeldeen Eldele , Zongxia Xie , Yucheng Wang , Wenzhe Niu , Qinghua Hu , Chee Keong Kwoh , Min Wu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as powerful tools for generating coherent text, understanding context, and performing reasoning tasks. However, they struggle with temporal reasoning, which requires processing time-related…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Adrián Bazaga , Rexhina Blloshmi , Bill Byrne , Adrià de Gispert

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit remarkable capabilities in question answering and reasoning thanks to their extensive parametric memory. However, their knowledge is inherently limited by the scope of their pre-training data, while…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Atahan Özer , Çağatay Yıldız

While large pretrained language models (PLMs) demonstrate incredible fluency and performance on many natural language tasks, recent work has shown that well-performing PLMs are very sensitive to what prompts are feed into them. Even when…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-13 Harsh Raj , Domenic Rosati , Subhabrata Majumdar

The emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) has transformed information access, with current LLMs also powering deep research systems that can generate comprehensive report-style answers, through planned iterative search, retrieval, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Bruno Martins , Piotr Szymański , Piotr Gramacki

Traditional time series analysis has long relied on pattern recognition, trained on static and well-established benchmarks. However, in real-world settings -- where policies shift, human behavior adapts, and unexpected events unfold --…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Xinlei Wang , Mingtian Tan , Jing Qiu , Junhua Zhao , Jinjin Gu

Language Models (LMs) become outdated as the world changes; they often fail to perform tasks requiring recent factual information which was absent or different during training, a phenomenon called temporal misalignment. This is especially a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-13 Joel Jang , Seonghyeon Ye , Changho Lee , Sohee Yang , Joongbo Shin , Janghoon Han , Gyeonghun Kim , Minjoon Seo

Temporal reasoning is fundamental to human cognition and is crucial for various real-world applications. While recent advances in Large Language Models have demonstrated promising capabilities in temporal reasoning, existing benchmarks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Zhenglin Wang , Jialong Wu , Pengfei LI , Yong Jiang , Deyu Zhou

Large Language Models (LLMs) are typically trained to predict in the forward direction of time. However, recent works have shown that prompting these models to look back and critique their own generations can produce useful feedback.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Yerram Varun , Rahul Madhavan , Sravanti Addepalli , Arun Suggala , Karthikeyan Shanmugam , Prateek Jain

Temporal reasoning over tabular data presents substantial challenges for large language models (LLMs), as evidenced by recent research. In this study, we conduct a comprehensive analysis of temporal datasets to pinpoint the specific…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-24 Irwin Deng , Kushagra Dixit , Vivek Gupta , Dan Roth

Large language models (LLMs) are a promising venue for natural language understanding and generation tasks. However, current LLMs are far from reliable: they are prone to generate non-factual information and, more crucially, to contradict…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-22 Diego Calanzone , Stefano Teso , Antonio Vergari

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown strong capabilities in document re-ranking, a key component in modern Information Retrieval (IR) systems. However, existing LLM-based approaches face notable limitations, including ranking…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Pinhuan Wang , Zhiqiu Xia , Chunhua Liao , Feiyi Wang , Hang Liu

Time series data are central to domains such as finance, healthcare, and cloud computing, yet existing benchmarks for evaluating various large language models (LLMs) on temporal tasks remain scattered and unsystematic. To bridge this gap,…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Yao Yin , Zhenyu Xiao , Musheng Li , Yiwen Liu , Sutong Nan , Yiting He , Ruiqi Wang , Zhenwei Zhang , Qingmin Liao , Yuantao Gu

Large Language Models (LLMs) encapsulate a surprising amount of factual world knowledge. However, their performance on temporal questions and historical knowledge is limited because they often cannot understand temporal scope and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Jonas Wallat , Abdelrahman Abdallah , Adam Jatowt , Avishek Anand

This paper explores the robustness of language models (LMs) to variations in the temporal context within factual knowledge. It examines whether LMs can correctly associate a temporal context with a past fact valid over a defined period, by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Hichem Ammar Khodja , Frédéric Béchet , Quentin Brabant , Alexis Nasr , Gwénolé Lecorvé

Knowledge in the real world is being updated constantly. However, it is costly to frequently update large language models (LLMs). Therefore, it is crucial for LLMs to understand the concept of temporal knowledge. However, prior works on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-15 Qingyu Tan , Hwee Tou Ng , Lidong Bing