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Large language model (LLM) agents increasingly coordinate in multi-agent systems, yet we lack an understanding of where and why cooperation failures may arise. In many real-world coordination problems, from knowledge sharing in…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Advait Yadav , Sid Black , Oliver Sourbut

Recently, there has been a demand to deploy Large Language Models (LLMs) on personal devices such as laptops and smartphones. These LLMs have different model variants when handling different tasks. However, personal devices have limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-08 Weilin Zhao , Yuxiang Huang , Xu Han , Zhiyuan Liu , Zhengyan Zhang , Kuai Li , Chen Chen , Tao Yang , Maosong Sun

As large language models (LLMs) evolve, deploying them solely in the cloud or compressing them for edge devices has become inadequate due to concerns about latency, privacy, cost, and personalization. This survey explores a collaborative…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Senyao Li , Haozhao Wang , Wenchao Xu , Rui Zhang , Song Guo , Jingling Yuan , Xian Zhong , Tianwei Zhang , Ruixuan Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) perform well on many NLP tasks, but fine-tuning them on resource-constrained mobile devices is challenging due to high memory and computation costs, despite growing demands for privacy-preserving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-21 He Sun , Jinrui Zhou , Li Li , Mingjun Xiao

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have enabled LLM-based agents to directly interact with application user interfaces (UIs), enhancing agents' performance in complex tasks. However, these agents often suffer from high latency and low…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Junting Lu , Zhiyang Zhang , Fangkai Yang , Jue Zhang , Lu Wang , Chao Du , Qingwei Lin , Saravan Rajmohan , Dongmei Zhang , Qi Zhang

Artificial intelligence has been integrated into nearly every aspect of daily life, powering applications from object detection with computer vision to large language models for writing emails and compact models for use in smart homes.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Haoxiang Yu , Javier Berrocal , Christine Julien

Device-cloud collaboration holds promise for deploying large language models (LLMs), leveraging lightweight on-device models for efficiency while relying on powerful cloud models for superior reasoning. A central challenge in this setting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Wenzhi Fang , Dong-Jun Han , Liangqi Yuan , Evan Chen , Christopher Brinton

The proliferation of large language models (LLMs) has driven the adoption of Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures as a promising solution to scale model capacity while controlling computational costs. However, deploying MoE models in…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Muqing Li , Ning Li , Xin Yuan , Wenchao Xu , Quan Chen , Song Guo , Haijun Zhang

The usage of large language models (LLMs) has grown increasingly fragmented, with no single model dominating. Meanwhile, cloud providers offer a wide range of mid-tier and older-generation GPUs that enjoy better availability and deliver…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Yixuan Mei , Zikun Li , Zixuan Chen , Shiqi Pan , Mengdi Wu , Xupeng Miao , Zhihao Jia , K. V. Rashmi

Large language models (LLMs) have empowered intelligent agents to execute intricate tasks within domain-specific software such as browsers and games. However, when applied to general-purpose software systems like operating systems, LLM…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-12 Mingzhe Xing , Rongkai Zhang , Hui Xue , Qi Chen , Fan Yang , Zhen Xiao

While server-side Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate proficiency in function calling and complex reasoning, deploying Small Language Models (SLMs) directly on devices brings opportunities to improve latency and privacy but also…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Yicheng Fu , Raviteja Anantha , Jianpeng Cheng

AI agents based on multimodal large language models (LLMs) are expected to revolutionize human-computer interaction and offer more personalized assistant services across various domains like healthcare, education, manufacturing, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Minrui Xu , Dusit Niyato , Jiawen Kang , Zehui Xiong , Shiwen Mao , Zhu Han , Dong In Kim , Khaled B. Letaief

In the realm of AI, large language models (LLMs) like GPT-4, central to the operation of AI agents, predominantly operate in the cloud, incurring high operational costs. With local-based small language models (SLMs) becoming more accurate,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Shiyi Liu , Haiying Shen , Shuai Che , Mahdi Ghandi , Mingqin Li

LLMssuch as GPT-4 have shown a remarkable ability to solve complex questions by generating step-by-step rationales. Prior works have utilized this capability to improve smaller and cheaper LMs (say, with 7B parameters). However, various…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Sohan Patnaik , Milan Aggarwal , Sumit Bhatia , Balaji Krishnamurthy

Large language models (LLMs) often solve challenging math exercises yet fail to apply the concept right when the problem requires genuine understanding. Popular Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) pipelines reinforce final…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Zijun Gao , Zhikun Xu , Xiao Ye , Ben Zhou

Applications of Large Language Models~(LLMs) have evolved from simple text generators into complex software systems that integrate retrieval augmentation, tool invocation, and multi-turn interactions. Their inherent non-determinism,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Wei Ma , Yixiao Yang , Qiang Hu , Shi Ying , Zhi Jin , Bo Du , Zhenchang Xing , Tianlin Li , Junjie Shi , Yang Liu , Linxiao Jiang

The rise of large language models (LLMs) has revolutionized user interactions with knowledge-based systems, enabling chatbots to synthesize vast amounts of information and assist with complex, exploratory tasks. However, LLM-based chatbots…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Yingzhe Peng , Xiaoting Qin , Zhiyang Zhang , Jue Zhang , Qingwei Lin , Xu Yang , Dongmei Zhang , Saravan Rajmohan , Qi Zhang

Hybrid local--cloud agents enrich user requests with context from persistent working state before delegating capability-intensive subtasks to a cloud language model (CLM). While this enrichment can improve task success, it also exposes…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Shafizur Rahman Seeam , Zhengxiong Li , Zhiyuan Yu , Yimin , Chen , Yidan Hu

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promise in function-level code generation, yet repository-level software engineering tasks remain challenging. Current solutions predominantly rely on proprietary LLM agents, which…

The integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) into Security Operations Centres (SOCs) presents a transformative, yet still evolving, opportunity to reduce analyst workload through human-AI collaboration. However, their real-world…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Ronal Singh , Shahroz Tariq , Fatemeh Jalalvand , Mohan Baruwal Chhetri , Surya Nepal , Cecile Paris , Martin Lochner