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Training generally capable agents that thoroughly explore their environment and learn new and diverse skills is a long-term goal of robot learning. Quality Diversity Reinforcement Learning (QD-RL) is an emerging research area that blends…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-31 Sumeet Batra , Bryon Tjanaka , Matthew C. Fontaine , Aleksei Petrenko , Stefanos Nikolaidis , Gaurav Sukhatme

We present RLSS: a reinforcement learning algorithm for sequential scene generation. This is based on employing the proximal policy optimization (PPO) algorithm for generative problems. In particular, we consider how to effectively reduce…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-07 Azimkhon Ostonov , Peter Wonka , Dominik L. Michels

The balancing process for game levels in a competitive two-player context involves a lot of manual work and testing, particularly in non-symmetrical game levels. In this paper, we propose an architecture for automated balancing of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-08 Florian Rupp , Manuel Eberhardinger , Kai Eckert

Machine learning for procedural content generation has recently become an active area of research. Levels vary in both form and function and are mostly unrelated to each other across games. This has made it difficult to assemble suitably…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-08-11 Philip Bontrager , Julian Togelius

Procedural Content Generation (PCG) refers to the practice, in videogames and other games, of generating content such as levels, quests, or characters algorithmically. Motivated by the need to make games replayable, as well as to reduce…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-03-18 Sebastian Risi , Julian Togelius

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) has been a promising solution to many complex decision-making problems. Nevertheless, the notorious weakness in generalization among environments prevent widespread application of DRL agents in real-world…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-31 Tong Sang , Hongyao Tang , Yi Ma , Jianye Hao , Yan Zheng , Zhaopeng Meng , Boyan Li , Zhen Wang

Reward design plays a pivotal role in the training of game AIs, requiring substantial domain-specific knowledge and human effort. In recent years, several studies have explored reward generation for training game agents and controlling…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 In-Chang Baek , Sung-Hyun Kim , Sam Earle , Zehua Jiang , Jin-Ha Noh , Julian Togelius , Kyung-Joong Kim

Embodied agents, such as robots and virtual characters, must continuously select actions to execute tasks effectively, solving complex sequential decision-making problems. Given the difficulty of designing such controllers manually,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Pedro Santana

Deep reinforcement learning (RL) has shown impressive results in a variety of domains, learning directly from high-dimensional sensory streams. However, when neural networks are trained in a fixed environment, such as a single level in a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-30 Niels Justesen , Ruben Rodriguez Torrado , Philip Bontrager , Ahmed Khalifa , Julian Togelius , Sebastian Risi

We present a new approach ARLPCG: Adversarial Reinforcement Learning for Procedural Content Generation, which procedurally generates and tests previously unseen environments with an auxiliary input as a control variable. Training RL agents…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-11 Linus Gisslén , Andy Eakins , Camilo Gordillo , Joakim Bergdahl , Konrad Tollmar

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) is a paradigm of artificial intelligence where an agent uses a neural network to learn which actions to take in a given environment. DRL has recently gained traction from being able to solve complex…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Rajdeep Singh Hundal , Yan Xiao , Xiaochun Cao , Jin Song Dong , Manuel Rigger

We present PORTAL, a novel framework for developing artificial intelligence agents capable of playing thousands of 3D video games through language-guided policy generation. By transforming decision-making problems into language modeling…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Zhongwen Xu , Xianliang Wang , Siyi Li , Tao Yu , Liang Wang , Qiang Fu , Wei Yang

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) has been extensively used to address portfolio optimization problems. The DRL agents acquire knowledge and make decisions through unsupervised interactions with their environment without requiring explicit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Ruoyu Sun , Yue Xi , Angelos Stefanidis , Zhengyong Jiang , Jionglong Su

Procedural Content Generation (PCG) is defined as the automatic creation of game content using algorithms. PCG has a long history in both the game industry and the academic world. It can increase player engagement and ease the work of game…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Mahdi Farrokhi Maleki , Richard Zhao

Procedural Content Generation (PCG) techniques enable automatic creation of diverse and complex environments. While PCG facilitates more efficient content creation, ensuring consistently high-quality, industry-standard content remains a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Mahdi Farrokhimaleki , Parsa Rahmati , Richard Zhao

Remaining competitive in future conflicts with technologically-advanced competitors requires us to accelerate our research and development in artificial intelligence (AI) for wargaming. More importantly, leveraging machine learning for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Scotty Black , Christian Darken

In the domain of combat simulations in support of wargaming, the development of intelligent agents has predominantly been characterized by rule-based, scripted methodologies with deep reinforcement learning (RL) approaches only recently…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Scotty Black , Christian Darken

The past decade has seen a rapid increase in the level of research interest in procedural content generation (PCG) for digital games, and there are now numerous research avenues focused on new approaches for driving and applying PCG…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-10-06 Oliver Withington , Laurissa Tokarchuk

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) algorithms often require a large amount of data and struggle in sparse-reward domains with long planning horizons and multiple sub-goals. In this paper, we propose a neuro-symbolic extension of Proximal…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Simone Murari , Celeste Veronese , Daniele Meli

The integration of artificial intelligence across multiple domains has emphasized the importance of replicating human-like cognitive processes in AI. By incorporating emotional intelligence into AI agents, their emotional stability can be…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-31 Hari Prasad , Chinnu Jacob , Imthias Ahamed T. P