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Related papers: Efficient encoding of the 2D toric code logical st…

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We analyze the properties of a 2D topological code derived by concatenating the [[4, 2, 2]] code with the toric/surface code, or alternatively by removing check operators from the 2D square-octagon or 4.8.8 color code. We show that the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-07-25 Ben Criger , Barbara Terhal

We propose a scheme for the fault-tolerant implementation of arbitrary Clifford circuits. To achieve this, we extend previous work on flag gadgets for syndrome extraction to a general framework that flags any Clifford circuit. This…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-10 Benjamin Anker , Milad Marvian

The topological color code and the toric code are two leading candidates for realizing fault-tolerant quantum computation. Here we show that the color code on a $d$-dimensional closed manifold is equivalent to multiple decoupled copies of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-09-02 Aleksander Kubica , Beni Yoshida , Fernando Pastawski

Local decoders provide a promising approach to real-time quantum error-correction by replacing centralized classical decoding, with significant hardware constraints, by a fully distributed architecture based on a simple, local update rule.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-16 Louis Paletta

Hypergraph product codes are a class of quantum low density parity check (LDPC) codes discovered by Tillich and Z\'emor. These codes have a constant encoding rate and were recently shown to have a constant fault-tolerant error threshold.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-02-10 Anirudh Krishna , David Poulin

Fault-tolerant implementation of non-Clifford gates is a major challenge for achieving universal fault-tolerant quantum computing with quantum error-correcting codes. Magic state distillation is the most well-studied method for this but…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-09 Seok-Hyung Lee , Felix Thomsen , Nicholas Fazio , Benjamin J. Brown , Stephen D. Bartlett

We consider the problem of preparing topologically ordered states using unitary and non-unitary circuits, as well as local time-dependent Hamiltonian and Liouvillian evolutions. We prove that for any topological code in $D$ dimensions, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-07-09 Robert Koenig , Fernando Pastawski

The surface code is one of the most successful approaches to topological quantum error-correction. It boasts the smallest known syndrome extraction circuits and correspondingly largest thresholds. Defect-based logical encodings of a new…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-04-26 Theodore J. Yoder , Isaac H. Kim

Surface and color codes are two forms of topological quantum error correction in two spatial dimensions with complementary properties. Surface codes have lower-depth error detection circuits and well-developed decoders to interpret and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-10-18 Jonathan E. Moussa

We provide a recursively defined sequence of flag circuits which will detect logical errors induced by non-fault-tolerant $R_{\overline{Z}}(\frac{\pi}{2^l})$ gates on CSS codes with a fault distance of two. As applications, we give a family…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-26 Shival Dasu , Ben Criger

Topological codes have many desirable properties that allow fault-tolerant quantum computation with relatively low overhead. A core challenge for these codes, however, is to achieve a low-overhead universal gate set with limited…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-03 Julio C. Magdalena de la Fuente , Noa Feldman , Jens Eisert , Andreas Bauer

The surface code is the most studied error-correcting code thanks to its high threshold, simple decoding, and locality in two dimensions (2D). A key component of any code is its encoding circuit, which maps an unencoded state to the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-15 Jahan Claes

The non-local interactions in several quantum device architectures allow for the realization of more compact quantum encodings while retaining the same degree of protection against noise. Anticipating that short to medium-length codes will…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-05 Shubham P. Jain , Victor V. Albert

Topological subsystem color codes add to the advantages of topological codes an important feature: error tracking only involves measuring 2-local operators in a two dimensional setting. Unfortunately, known methods to compute with them were…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-19 H. Bombin

We propose a protocol to prepare a high-fidelity magic state on a two-dimensional (2D) color code using a three-dimensional (3D) color code. Our method modifies the known code switching protocol with (i) a recently discovered transversal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-25 Lucas Daguerre , Isaac H. Kim

Fault-tolerant logical operations for qubits encoded by CSS codes are discussed, with emphasis on methods that apply to codes of high rate, encoding k qubits per block with k>1. It is shown that the logical qubits within a given block can…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-05-29 Andrew M. Steane , Ben Ibinson

In fault-tolerant quantum computing with the surface code, non-Clifford gates are crucial for universal computation. However, implementing these gates using methods like magic state distillation and code switching requires significant…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-02 Sheng-Jie Huang , Yanzhu Chen

A fundamental problem of fault-tolerant quantum computation with quantum low-density parity-check (qLDPC) codes is the tradeoff between connectivity and universality. It is widely believed that in order to perform native logical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-13 Guanyu Zhu , Ryohei Kobayashi , Po-Shen Hsin

Fault-tolerant quantum computation (FTQC) schemes using large block codes that encode $k>1$ qubits in $n$ physical qubits can potentially reduce the resource overhead to a great extent because of their high encoding rate. However, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-08-04 Yi-Cong Zheng , Ching-Yi Lai , Todd A. Brun , Leong-Chuan Kwek

Universal quantum computation requires the implementation of a logical non-Clifford gate. In this paper, we characterize all stabilizer codes whose code subspaces are preserved under physical $T$ and $T^{-1}$ gates. For example, this could…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-08-20 Narayanan Rengaswamy , Robert Calderbank , Michael Newman , Henry D. Pfister