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This article presents a novel application of the t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) clustering algorithm to the telecommunication field. t-SNE is a dimensionality reduction (DR) algorithm that allows the visualization of…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-04-28 Alejandro Ramírez-Arroyo , Luz García , Antonio Alex-Amor , Juan F. Valenzuela-Valdés

With the increasing availability of high-dimensional data, analysts often rely on exploratory data analysis to understand complex data sets. A key approach to exploring such data is dimensionality reduction, which embeds high-dimensional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Pavlin G. Poličar , Blaž Zupan

Neighbor Embedding (NE) aims to preserve pairwise similarities between data items and has been shown to yield an effective principle for data visualization. However, even the best existing NE methods such as Stochastic Neighbor Embedding…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-15 Zhirong Yang , Yuwei Chen , Denis Sedov , Samuel Kaski , Jukka Corander

tSNE and UMAP are popular dimensionality reduction algorithms due to their speed and interpretable low-dimensional embeddings. Despite their popularity, however, little work has been done to study their full span of differences. We…

We describe a new method called t-ETE for finding a low-dimensional embedding of a set of objects in Euclidean space. We formulate the embedding problem as a joint ranking problem over a set of triplets, where each triplet captures the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-05-18 Ehsan Amid , Nikos Vlassis , Manfred K. Warmuth

We present a new technique for visualizing high-dimensional data called cluster MDS (cl-MDS), which addresses a common difficulty of dimensionality reduction methods: preserving both local and global structures of the original sample in a…

Graphics · Computer Science 2024-05-27 Patricia Hernández-León , Miguel A. Caro

Dimensionality reduction methods such as t-SNE are designed to preserve local neighborhood structure but do not explicitly account for how probability mass is distributed, often leading to distortions of data density. We reformulate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Maksim Kazanskii

t-distributed Stochastic Neighborhood Embedding (t-SNE) is a method for dimensionality reduction and visualization that has become widely popular in recent years. Efficient implementations of t-SNE are available, but they scale poorly to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-26 George C. Linderman , Manas Rachh , Jeremy G. Hoskins , Stefan Steinerberger , Yuval Kluger

Dimensionality reduction techniques aim at representing high-dimensional data in low-dimensional spaces to extract hidden and useful information or facilitate visual understanding and interpretation of the data. However, few of them take…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Yan Sun , Yi Han , Jicong Fan

Subspace clustering aims to find groups of similar objects (clusters) that exist in lower dimensional subspaces from a high dimensional dataset. It has a wide range of applications, such as analysing high dimensional sensor data or DNA…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-08 Minh Tuan Doan , Jianzhong Qi , Sutharshan Rajasegarar , Christopher Leckie

Misuses of t-SNE and UMAP in visual analytics have become increasingly common. For example, although t-SNE and UMAP projections often do not faithfully reflect the original distances between clusters, practitioners frequently use them to…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Hyeon Jeon , Jeongin Park , Sungbok Shin , Jinwook Seo

The t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) algorithm is a ubiquitously employed dimensionality reduction (DR) method. Its non-parametric nature and impressive efficacy motivated its parametric extension. It is however bounded…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-06 Francesco Crecchi , Cyril de Bodt , Michel Verleysen , John A. Lee , Davide Bacciu

Stochastic neighbor embedding (SNE) methods $t$-SNE, UMAP are two most popular dimensionality reduction methods for data visualization. Contrastive learning, especially self-supervised contrastive learning (SSCL), has showed great success…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-18 Yi Zhang

T-distributed stochastic neighbour embedding (t-SNE) is a widely used data visualisation technique. It differs from its predecessor SNE by the low-dimensional similarity kernel: the Gaussian kernel was replaced by the heavy-tailed Cauchy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-20 Dmitry Kobak , George Linderman , Stefan Steinerberger , Yuval Kluger , Philipp Berens

Dimension reduction, widely used in science, maps high-dimensional data into low-dimensional space. We investigate a basic mathematical model underlying the techniques of stochastic neighborhood embedding (SNE) and its popular variant…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-03-26 Ben Weinkove

Neighbor embedding methods $t$-SNE and UMAP are the de facto standard for visualizing high-dimensional datasets. Motivated from entirely different viewpoints, their loss functions appear to be unrelated. In practice, they yield strongly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Sebastian Damrich , Jan Niklas Böhm , Fred A. Hamprecht , Dmitry Kobak

Different unsupervised models for dimensionality reduction like PCA, LLE, Shannon's mapping, tSNE, UMAP, etc. work on different principles, hence, they are difficult to compare on the same ground. Although they are usually good for…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-05-10 Subhrajyoty Roy

We first show that the commonly used dimensionality reduction (DR) methods such as t-SNE and LargeVis poorly capture the global structure of the data in the low dimensional embedding. We show this via a number of tests for the DR methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-03-05 Ehsan Amid , Manfred K. Warmuth

Hierarchical clustering is an effective, interpretable method for analyzing structure in data. It reveals insights at multiple scales without requiring a predefined number of clusters and captures nested patterns and subtle relationships,…

Dimensionality reduction is crucial both for visualization and preprocessing high dimensional data for machine learning. We introduce a novel method based on a hierarchy built on 1-nearest neighbor graphs in the original space which is used…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-31 M. Saquib Sarfraz , Marios Koulakis , Constantin Seibold , Rainer Stiefelhagen