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The pursuit of leaderboard rankings in Large Language Models (LLMs) has created a fundamental paradox: models excel at standardized tests while failing to demonstrate genuine language understanding and adaptability. Our systematic analysis…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Sourav Banerjee , Ayushi Agarwal , Eishkaran Singh

Multi-label classification is prevalent in real-world settings, but the behavior of Large Language Models (LLMs) in this setting is understudied. We investigate how autoregressive LLMs perform multi-label classification, focusing on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Marcus Ma , Georgios Chochlakis , Niyantha Maruthu Pandiyan , Jesse Thomason , Shrikanth Narayanan

Multilingual toxicity detection remains a significant challenge due to the scarcity of training data and resources for many languages. While prior work has leveraged the translate-test paradigm to support cross-lingual transfer across a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Samuel J. Bell , Eduardo Sánchez , David Dale , Pontus Stenetorp , Mikel Artetxe , Marta R. Costa-jussà

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant potential in automated software security, particularly in vulnerability detection. However, existing benchmarks primarily focus on isolated, single-vulnerability samples or…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Chinmay Pushkar , Sanchit Kabra , Dhruv Kumar , Jagat Sesh Challa

Toxic language includes content that is offensive, abusive, or that promotes harm. Progress in preventing toxic output from large language models (LLMs) is hampered by inconsistent definitions of toxicity. We introduce TRuST, a large-scale…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Berk Atil , Namrata Sureddy , Rebecca J. Passonneau

Large language models (LLMs) have become increasingly integrated with various applications. To ensure that LLMs do not generate unsafe responses, they are aligned with safeguards that specify what content is restricted. However, such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Hongyu Cai , Arjun Arunasalam , Leo Y. Lin , Antonio Bianchi , Z. Berkay Celik

The widespread use of Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) has raised concerns about model toxicity. However, current research mainly focuses on explicit toxicity, with less attention to some more implicit toxicity regarding prejudice and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Bohan Jin , Shuhan Qi , Kehai Chen , Xinyi Guo , Xuan Wang

Toxicity classification for voice heavily relies on the semantic content of speech. We propose a novel framework that utilizes cross-modal learning to integrate the semantic embedding of text into a multilabel speech toxicity classifier…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Joseph Liu , Mahesh Kumar Nandwana , Janne Pylkkönen , Hannes Heikinheimo , Morgan McGuire

Algorithmic bias often arises as a result of differential subgroup validity, in which predictive relationships vary across groups. For example, in toxic language detection, comments targeting different demographic groups can vary markedly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-08 Soumyajit Gupta , Sooyong Lee , Maria De-Arteaga , Matthew Lease

Multi-label learning often requires identifying all relevant labels for training instances, but collecting full label annotations is costly and labor-intensive. In many datasets, only a single positive label is annotated per training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Misgina Tsighe Hagos , Claes Lundström

Large language models (LLMs) have strong capabilities in solving diverse natural language processing tasks. However, the safety and security issues of LLM systems have become the major obstacle to their widespread application. Many studies…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-12 Tianyu Cui , Yanling Wang , Chuanpu Fu , Yong Xiao , Sijia Li , Xinhao Deng , Yunpeng Liu , Qinglin Zhang , Ziyi Qiu , Peiyang Li , Zhixing Tan , Junwu Xiong , Xinyu Kong , Zujie Wen , Ke Xu , Qi Li

The proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs) has intensified concerns about manipulative or deceptive behaviors that can undermine user autonomy, trust, and well-being. Existing safety benchmarks predominantly rely on coarse binary…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Sadia Asif , Israel Antonio Rosales Laguan , Haris Khan , Shumaila Asif , Muneeb Asif

The widespread of generative artificial intelligence has heightened concerns about the potential harms posed by AI-generated texts, primarily stemming from factoid, unfair, and toxic content. Previous researchers have invested much effort…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Shiyao Cui , Zhenyu Zhang , Yilong Chen , Wenyuan Zhang , Tianyun Liu , Siqi Wang , Tingwen Liu

There has been little systematic study on how dialectal differences affect toxicity detection by modern LLMs. Furthermore, although using LLMs as evaluators ("LLM-as-a-judge") is a growing research area, their sensitivity to dialectal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Fahim Faisal , Md Mushfiqur Rahman , Antonios Anastasopoulos

Recent work utilizes Large Language Models (LLMs) for topic modeling, generating comprehensible topic labels for given documents. However, their performance has mainly been evaluated qualitatively, and there remains room for quantitative…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-26 Tomoki Doi , Masaru Isonuma , Hitomi Yanaka

Recent breakthroughs in large language models (LLMs) have generated both interest and concern about their potential adoption as information sources or communication tools across different domains. In public health, where stakes are high and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Jiawei Zhou , Amy Z. Chen , Darshi Shah , Laura M. Schwab Reese , Munmun De Choudhury

Recent observations have underscored a disparity between the inflated benchmark scores and the actual performance of LLMs, raising concerns about potential contamination of evaluation benchmarks. This issue is especially critical for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-05 Chunyuan Deng , Yilun Zhao , Xiangru Tang , Mark Gerstein , Arman Cohan

Large Language Models (LLM) have made remarkable progress, but concerns about potential biases and harmful content persist. To address these apprehensions, we introduce a practical solution for ensuring LLM's safe and ethical use. Our novel…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Chaima Njeh , Haïfa Nakouri , Fehmi Jaafar

Large Language Models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT, have gained significant attention due to their impressive natural language processing capabilities. It is crucial to prioritize human-centered principles when utilizing these models.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Yue Huang , Qihui Zhang , Philip S. Y , Lichao Sun