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While Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have achieved impressive progress in vision-language understanding, they still struggle with complex multi-step reasoning, often producing logically inconsistent or partially correct solutions.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Lingxiao Du , Fanqing Meng , Zongkai Liu , Zhixiang Zhou , Ping Luo , Qiaosheng Zhang , Wenqi Shao

The popularity of LLaMA (Touvron et al., 2023a;b) and other recently emerged moderate-sized large language models (LLMs) highlights the potential of building smaller yet powerful LLMs. Regardless, the cost of training such models from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-12 Mengzhou Xia , Tianyu Gao , Zhiyuan Zeng , Danqi Chen

Reinforcement learning (RL) can align language models with non-differentiable reward signals, such as human preferences. However, a major challenge arises from the sparsity of these reward signals - typically, there is only a single reward…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Meng Cao , Lei Shu , Lei Yu , Yun Zhu , Nevan Wichers , Yinxiao Liu , Lei Meng

Process Reward Models (PRMs) have emerged as a powerful tool for providing step-level feedback when evaluating the reasoning of Large Language Models (LLMs), which frequently produce chains of thought (CoTs) containing errors even when the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Raffaele Pisano , Roberto Navigli

As large language models (LLMs) advance, their inability to autonomously execute tasks by directly interacting with external tools remains a critical limitation. Traditional methods rely on inputting tool descriptions as context, which is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Renxi Wang , Xudong Han , Lei Ji , Shu Wang , Timothy Baldwin , Haonan Li

Semi-structured explanation depicts the implicit process of a reasoner with an explicit representation. This explanation highlights how available information in a specific query is utilised and supplemented with information a reasoner…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-25 Jiuzhou Han , Wray Buntine , Ehsan Shareghi

Large language models (LLMs) are largely static and often redo reasoning or repeat mistakes. Prior experience reuse typically relies on external retrieval, which is similarity-based, can introduce noise, and adds latency. We introduce SEAM…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Xuancheng Li , Haitao Li , Yujia Zhou , Yiqun Liu , Qingyao Ai

Inference-time compute has re-emerged as a practical way to improve LLM reasoning. Most test-time scaling (TTS) algorithms rely on autoregressive decoding, which is ill-suited to discrete diffusion language models (dLLMs) due to their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Jinbin Bai , Yixuan Li , Yuchen Zhu , Yi Xin , Qingyu Shi , Aosong Feng , Xiaohong Liu , Molei Tao , Jianru Xue , Xiangtai Li , Ming-Hsuan Yang

While pre-trained language models (PLMs) have become a de-facto standard promoting the accuracy of text classification tasks, recent studies find that PLMs often predict over-confidently. Although various calibration methods have been…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-15 Jaeyoung Kim , Dongbin Na , Sungchul Choi , Sungbin Lim

An impediment to using Large Language Models (LLMs) for reasoning output verification is that LLMs struggle to reliably identify errors in thinking traces, particularly in long outputs, domains requiring expert knowledge, and problems…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Kate Sanders , Nathaniel Weir , Sapana Chaudhary , Kaj Bostrom , Huzefa Rangwala

Complex multi-step reasoning tasks, such as solving mathematical problems or generating code, remain a significant hurdle for even the most advanced large language models (LLMs). Verifying LLM outputs with an Outcome Reward Model (ORM) is a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Liangchen Luo , Yinxiao Liu , Rosanne Liu , Samrat Phatale , Meiqi Guo , Harsh Lara , Yunxuan Li , Lei Shu , Yun Zhu , Lei Meng , Jiao Sun , Abhinav Rastogi

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly recognized for their exceptional generative capabilities and versatility across various tasks. However, the high inference costs associated with these models have not received adequate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Soham Poddar , Paramita Koley , Janardan Misra , Sanjay Podder , Niloy Ganguly , Saptarshi Ghosh

LLMs can solve complex tasks by generating long, multi-step reasoning chains. Test-time scaling (TTS) can further improve performance by sampling multiple variants of intermediate reasoning steps, verifying their correctness, and selecting…

Large reasoning models (LRMs) achieve strong accuracy through test-time scaling, generating longer chains of thought or sampling multiple solutions, but at steep costs in tokens and latency. We argue that memory is a core ingredient for…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Daivik Patel , Shrenik Patel

In this work, we present the first study to explore inference-time scaling on table reasoning tasks. We develop and evaluate two post-training strategies to enable inference-time scaling: distillation from frontier model reasoning traces…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Zheyuan Yang , Lyuhao Chen , Arman Cohan , Yilun Zhao

Large language models (LLMs) achieve state-of-the-art accuracy on complex reasoning tasks by generating multiple chain-of-thought (CoT) traces, but using a fixed token budget per query leads to over-computation on easy inputs and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Katrina Brown , Aneesh Muppidi , Rana Shahout

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success across a wide spectrum of natural language processing tasks. However, their ever-growing scale introduces significant barriers to real-world deployment, including substantial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Guangxin Wu , Hao Zhang , Zhang Zhibin , Jiafeng Guo , Xueqi Cheng

Test-Time Scaling (TTS) methods for enhancing Large Language Model (LLM) reasoning often incur substantial computational costs, primarily due to extensive reliance on external Process Reward Models (PRMs) or sampling methods like Best-of-N…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Amirhosein Ghasemabadi , Keith G. Mills , Baochun Li , Di Niu

Inference-time computation methods enhance the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) by leveraging additional computational resources to achieve superior results. Common techniques, such as Best-of-N sampling, Majority Voting, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Chia-Yu Hung , Navonil Majumder , Ambuj Mehrish , Soujanya Poria

Recent advancements in function calling and tool use have significantly enhanced the capabilities of large language models (LLMs) by enabling them to interact with external information sources and execute complex tasks. However, the limited…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-05 Suhong Moon , Siddharth Jha , Lutfi Eren Erdogan , Sehoon Kim , Woosang Lim , Kurt Keutzer , Amir Gholami
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