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Methods of causal discovery aim to identify causal structures in a data driven way. Existing algorithms are known to be unstable and sensitive to statistical errors, and are therefore rarely used with biomedical or epidemiological data. We…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-07-01 Christine W Bang , Janine Witte , Ronja Foraita , Vanessa Didelez

Inferring the causal relationships among a set of variables in the form of a directed acyclic graph (DAG) is an important but notoriously challenging problem. Recently, advancements in high-throughput genomic perturbation screens have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Seong Woo Han , Daniel Duy Vo , Brielin C. Brown

Inferring cause-effect relationships from observational data has gained significant attention in recent years, but most methods are limited to scalar random variables. In many important domains, including neuroscience, psychology, social…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-06-06 Konstantin Göbler , Tobias Windisch , Mathias Drton

We consider estimation of a total causal effect from observational data via covariate adjustment. Ideally, adjustment sets are selected based on a given causal graph, reflecting knowledge of the underlying causal structure. Valid adjustment…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2020-12-23 Janine Witte , Leonard Henckel , Marloes H. Maathuis , Vanessa Didelez

Discovering causal structure among a set of variables is a fundamental problem in many domains. However, state-of-the-art methods seldom consider the possibility that the observational data has missing values (incomplete data), which is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-11 Xiaoshui Huang , Fujin Zhu , Lois Holloway , Ali Haidar

Understanding causal relationships between variables is fundamental across scientific disciplines. Most causal discovery algorithms rely on two key assumptions: (i) all variables are observed, and (ii) the underlying causal graph is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Muralikrishnna G. Sethuraman , Faramarz Fekri

Identifying causal relations from purely observational data typically requires additional assumptions on relations and/or noise. Most current methods restrict their analysis to datasets that are assumed to have pure linear or nonlinear…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Zhuopeng Xu , Yujie Li , Cheng Liu , Ning Gui

In the field of Artificial Intelligence for Information Technology Operations, causal discovery is pivotal for operation and maintenance of graph construction, facilitating downstream industrial tasks such as root cause analysis. Temporal…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Peiwen Li , Xin Wang , Zeyang Zhang , Yuan Meng , Fang Shen , Yue Li , Jialong Wang , Yang Li , Wenweu Zhu

Causal discovery problems use a set of observations to deduce causality between variables in the real world, typically to answer questions about biological or physical systems. These observations are often recorded at regular time…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-24 Kurt Butler , Damian Machlanski , Panagiotis Dimitrakopoulos , Sotirios A. Tsaftaris

In the estimation of causal effects, one common method for removing the influence of confounders is to adjust the variables that satisfy the back-door criterion. However, it is not always possible to uniquely determine sets of such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Atsushi Noda , Takashi Isozaki

Unobserved confounding is one of the main challenges when estimating causal effects. We propose a causal reduction method that, given a causal model, replaces an arbitrary number of possibly high-dimensional latent confounders with a single…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-02-24 Maximilian Ilse , Patrick Forré , Max Welling , Joris M. Mooij

Under stringent model type and variable distribution assumptions, differentiable score-based causal discovery methods learn a directed acyclic graph (DAG) from observational data by evaluating candidate graphs over an average score…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-07 An Zhang , Fangfu Liu , Wenchang Ma , Zhibo Cai , Xiang Wang , Tat-seng Chua

Learning the causal structure behind data is invaluable for improving generalization and obtaining high-quality explanations. We propose a novel framework, Invariant Structure Learning (ISL), that is designed to improve causal structure…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-15 Yunhao Ge , Sercan Ö. Arik , Jinsung Yoon , Ao Xu , Laurent Itti , Tomas Pfister

In this work, we propose a novel generative method to identify the causal impact and apply it to prediction tasks. We conduct causal impact analysis using interventional and counterfactual perspectives. First, applying interventions, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Soma Bandyopadhyay , Sudeshna Sarkar

The goal of Causal Discovery is to find automated search methods for learning causal structures from observational data. In some cases all variables of the interested causal mechanism are measured, and the task is to predict the effects one…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-01-11 Shuyan Wang

This paper introduces a new framework for recovering causal graphs from observational data, leveraging the observation that the distribution of an effect, conditioned on its causes, remains invariant to changes in the prior distribution of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Nang Hung Nguyen , Phi Le Nguyen , Thao Nguyen Truong , Trong Nghia Hoang , Masashi Sugiyama

In social sciences and economics, causal inference traditionally focuses on assessing the impact of predefined treatments (or interventions) on predefined outcomes, such as the effect of education programs on earnings. Causal discovery, in…

Econometrics · Economics 2024-07-12 Martin Huber

In causal inference, it is common to estimate the causal effect of a single treatment variable on an outcome. However, practitioners may also be interested in the effect of simultaneous interventions on multiple covariates of a fixed target…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-11-24 Jaime Roquero Gimenez , Dominik Rothenhäusler

Machine learning algorithms are designed to capture complex relationships between features. In this context, the high dimensionality of data often results in poor model performance, with the risk of overfitting. Feature selection, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-18 Paolo Bonetti , Alberto Maria Metelli , Marcello Restelli

Inducing causal relationships from observations is a classic problem in machine learning. Most work in causality starts from the premise that the causal variables themselves are observed. However, for AI agents such as robots trying to make…

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