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Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection is critical for safely deploying deep models in open-world environments, where inputs may lie outside the training distribution. During inference on a model trained exclusively with In-Distribution (ID)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Jiawei Gu , Ziyue Qiao , Zechao Li

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is crucial for the safe deployment of neural networks. Existing CLIP-based approaches perform OOD detection by devising novel scoring functions or sophisticated fine-tuning methods. In this work, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Yixia Li , Boya Xiong , Guanhua Chen , Yun Chen

Identifying out-of-distribution (OOD) data at inference time is crucial for many machine learning applications, especially for automation. We present a novel unsupervised semi-parametric framework COMBOOD for OOD detection with respect to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Magesh Rajasekaran , Md Saiful Islam Sajol , Frej Berglind , Supratik Mukhopadhyay , Kamalika Das

Out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization deals with the prevalent learning scenario where test distribution shifts from training distribution. With rising application demands and inherent complexity, graph OOD problems call for specialized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Xiner Li , Shurui Gui , Youzhi Luo , Shuiwang Ji

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection has recently gained substantial attention due to the importance of identifying out-of-domain samples in reliability and safety. Although OOD detection methods have advanced by a great deal, they are still…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-03 Mohammad Azizmalayeri , Arshia Soltani Moakhar , Arman Zarei , Reihaneh Zohrabi , Mohammad Taghi Manzuri , Mohammad Hossein Rohban

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is vital to safety-critical machine learning applications and has thus been extensively studied, with a plethora of methods developed in the literature. However, the field currently lacks a unified,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Jingkang Yang , Pengyun Wang , Dejian Zou , Zitang Zhou , Kunyuan Ding , Wenxuan Peng , Haoqi Wang , Guangyao Chen , Bo Li , Yiyou Sun , Xuefeng Du , Kaiyang Zhou , Wayne Zhang , Dan Hendrycks , Yixuan Li , Ziwei Liu

We tackle the problem of graph out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization. Existing graph OOD algorithms either rely on restricted assumptions or fail to exploit environment information in training data. In this work, we propose to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-02 Shurui Gui , Meng Liu , Xiner Li , Youzhi Luo , Shuiwang Ji

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is crucial in many real-world applications. However, intelligent models are often trained solely on in-distribution (ID) data, leading to overconfidence when misclassifying OOD data as ID classes. In this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Jiankang Chen , Tong Zhang , Wei-Shi Zheng , Ruixuan Wang

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection discerns OOD data where the predictor cannot make valid predictions as in-distribution (ID) data, thereby increasing the reliability of open-world classification. However, it is typically hard to collect…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-06 Haotian Zheng , Qizhou Wang , Zhen Fang , Xiaobo Xia , Feng Liu , Tongliang Liu , Bo Han

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection aims to detect test samples outside the training category space, which is an essential component in building reliable machine learning systems. Existing reviews on OOD detection primarily focus on method…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Shuo Lu , Yingsheng Wang , Lijun Sheng , Lingxiao He , Aihua Zheng , Jian Liang

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection aims to detect "unknown" data whose labels have not been seen during the in-distribution (ID) training process. Recent progress in representation learning gives rise to distance-based OOD detection that…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Ji Zhang , Lianli Gao , Bingguang Hao , Hao Huang , Jingkuan Song , Hengtao Shen

Deep Neural Networks for classification behave unpredictably when confronted with inputs not stemming from the training distribution. This motivates out-of-distribution detection (OOD) mechanisms. The usual lack of prior information on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-02 Konstantin Kirchheim , Tim Gonschorek , Frank Ortmeier

Recent semantic segmentation models accurately classify test-time examples that are similar to a training dataset distribution. However, their discriminative closed-set approach is not robust in practical data setups with distributional…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-17 Denis Gudovskiy , Tomoyuki Okuno , Yohei Nakata

To build safe and reliable graph machine learning systems, unsupervised graph-level anomaly detection (GLAD) and unsupervised graph-level out-of-distribution (OOD) detection (GLOD) have received significant attention in recent years. Though…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Yili Wang , Yixin Liu , Xu Shen , Chenyu Li , Kaize Ding , Rui Miao , Ying Wang , Shirui Pan , Xin Wang

Methods which utilize the outputs or feature representations of predictive models have emerged as promising approaches for out-of-distribution (OOD) detection of image inputs. However, these methods struggle to detect OOD inputs that share…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-09 Lily H. Zhang , Rajesh Ranganath

Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection requires sensitivity to subtle shifts without overreacting to natural In-Distribution (ID) diversity. However, from the viewpoint of detection granularity, global representation inevitably suppress local…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Wenrui Liu , Hong Chang , Ruibing Hou , Shiguang Shan , Xilin Chen

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is crucial for deploying robust and reliable machine-learning systems in open-world settings. Despite steady advances in OOD detectors, their interplay with modern training pipelines that maximize…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Gerhard Krumpl , Henning Avenhaus , Horst Possegger

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection, crucial for reliable pattern classification, discerns whether a sample originates outside the training distribution. This paper concentrates on the high-dimensional features output by the final…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-06 Qiuyu Zhu , Yiwei He

When presented with Out-of-Distribution (OOD) examples, deep neural networks yield confident, incorrect predictions. Detecting OOD examples is challenging, and the potential risks are high. In this paper, we propose to detect OOD examples…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-10 Chandramouli Shama Sastry , Sageev Oore

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection recently has drawn attention due to its critical role in the safe deployment of modern neural network architectures in real-world applications. The OOD detectors aim to distinguish samples that lie…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-16 Sabri Mustafa Kahya , Muhammet Sami Yavuz , Eckehard Steinbach