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Miner extractable value (MEV) refers to any excess value that a transaction validator can realize by manipulating the ordering of transactions. In this work, we introduce a simple theoretical definition of the 'cost of MEV', prove some…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-10-16 Guillermo Angeris , Tarun Chitra , Theo Diamandis , Kshitij Kulkarni

On high-throughput, low-fee blockchains, a qualitatively new form of maximal extractable value (MEV) has emerged: searchers submit large volumes of speculative transactions, whose profitability is resolved only at execution time. We refer…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Wenhao Wang , Aditya Saraf , Lioba Heimbach , Kushal Babel , Fan Zhang

Recently, Decentralized Finance (DeFi) platforms on Ethereum are booming, and numerous traders are trying to capitalize on the opportunity for maximizing their benefits by launching front-running attacks and extracting Miner Extractable…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-08-08 Xingyu Lyu , Mengya Zhang , Xiaokuan Zhang , Jianyu Niu , Yinqian Zhang , Zhiqiang Lin

In blockchain networks, the strategic ordering of transactions within blocks has emerged as a significant source of profit extraction, known as Maximal Extractable Value (MEV). The transition from spam-based Priority Gas Auctions to…

Decentralized finance (DeFi) in Ethereum is a financial ecosystem built on the blockchain that has locked over 200 billion USD until April 2022. All transaction information is transparent and open when transacting through the DeFi protocol,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-05-20 Wenkai Li , Jiuyang Bu , Xiaoqi Li , Xianyi Chen

Blockchain has empowered computer systems to be more secure using a distributed network. However, the current blockchain design suffers from fairness issues in transaction ordering. Miners are able to reorder transactions to generate…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Yihang Fu , Zesen Zhuang , Luyao Zhang

A central question of the Ethereum ecosystem is where Maximal Extractable Value (MEV)revenue originates and to what extent it stems from harming unsuspecting users. It is acceptable if MEV arises from arbitrages between centralised and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Bence Ladóczk , Miklós Rásonyi , János Tapolcai

This paper analyzes the Execution Tickets proposal on Ethereum Research, unveiling its potential to revolutionize the Ethereum blockchain's economic model. At the core of this proposal lies a novel ticketing mechanism poised to redefine how…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Jonah Burian

Users of decentralized finance (DeFi) applications face significant risks from adversarial actions that manipulate the order of transactions to extract value from users. Such actions -- an adversarial form of what is called…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Kushal Babel , Nerla Jean-Louis , Yan Ji , Ujval Misra , Mahimna Kelkar , Kosala Yapa Mudiyanselage , Andrew Miller , Ari Juels

We study selfish mining attacks in longest-chain blockchains like Bitcoin, but where the proof of work is replaced with efficient proof systems -- like proofs of stake or proofs of space -- and consider the problem of computing an optimal…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-09 Krishnendu Chatterjee , Amirali Ebrahimzadeh , Mehrdad Karrabi , Krzysztof Pietrzak , Michelle Yeo , Đorđe Žikelić

Automated Market Makers (AMMs) are decentralized applications that allow users to exchange crypto-tokens without the need for a matching exchange order. AMMs are one of the most successful DeFi use cases: indeed, major AMM platforms process…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-07-20 Massimo Bartoletti , James Hsin-yu Chiang , Alberto Lluch-Lafuente

Cross-chain interoperability is a core component of modern blockchain infrastructure, enabling seamless asset transfers and composable applications across multiple blockchain ecosystems. However, the transparency of cross-chain messages can…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Chuanlei Li , Zhicheng Sun , Jing Xin Yuu , Xuechao Wang

Traditional blockchain untraceability schemes, such as mixers and privacy coins, obscure the sender-receiver relationship by placing transfers within an anonymity set. This paper studies a stronger goal: whether the transfer event itself…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Eunchan Park , Kyonghwa Song , Won Hoi Kim , Wonho Song , Min Suk Kang

This Systematization of Knowledge (SoK) provides a comprehensive historical analysis of Maximal Extractable Value (MEV) in blockchain systems, tracing its conceptual evolution through three distinct eras. We organize the fragmented…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Davide Mancino , Hasret Ozan Sevim

Blockchains protect an ecosystem worth more than $500bn with strong security properties derived from the principle of decentralization. Is today's blockchain decentralized? In this paper, we empirically studied one of the least…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Sen Yang , Kartik Nayak , Fan Zhang

Trading on decentralized exchanges has been one of the primary use cases for permissionless blockchains with daily trading volume exceeding billions of U.S.~dollars. In the status quo, users broadcast transactions and miners are responsible…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Matheus V. X. Ferreira , David C. Parkes

Maximum extractable value (MEV) has been extensively studied. In most papers, the researchers have worked with the Ethereum blockchain almost exclusively. Even though, Ethereum and other blockchains have dynamic gas prices this is not the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-03-09 Facundo Carrillo , Elaine Hu

Decentralized Finance, mushrooming in permissionless blockchains, has attracted a recent surge in popularity. Due to the transparency of permissionless blockchains, opportunistic traders can compete to earn revenue by extracting Miner…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Zihao Li , Jianfeng Li , Zheyuan He , Xiapu Luo , Ting Wang , Xiaoze Ni , Wenwu Yang , Xi Chen , Ting Chen

This paper addresses the lack of research on quantifying Maximal Extractable Value (MEV) on Ethereum Layer 2 networks (L2s). Our findings reveal a substantial amount of MEV to be extracted on L2s, particularly on Polygon, with a lower bound…

General Finance · Quantitative Finance 2023-09-06 Arthur Bagourd , Luca Georges Francois

A growing body of literature is aimed at designing private mempools in blockchains. The ultimate goal of this research is addressing several phenomena broadly classed under MEV with sandwich attacks as the canonical example. The literature…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Antoine Rondelet , Quintus Kilbourn